Law with Tort of Negligence Essay

The application is under s1 sale of goods act there is a contract form between me and Mandela where I have agreement, intention and consideration to buy the armchair from Mandela, thus contract is form. Besides that, armchair is considered goods and there is consideration of money where I paid Mandela for $1500 and lastly there is also transfer of property where I paid $1500 for the armchair from his shop. Hence, in conclusion the armchair that I purchased is under Sale of Goods Act. Another issue in the question is whether we can insist Tyson (owner) compensate me for $500 that I (buyer) spent on fixing the chair and either return the chair and insist upon a refund, specifically under consumer guarantees s 55 fitness for purpose? In the question the law would be s 55 ‘there is an implied guarantee that where the buyer expressly or by implication makes known to the seller the particular purpose for which the goods are required, and shows that judgment and seller, the goods must be reasonable fit for purpose’, based on the case Grant v Australia Knitting Mills and Wallis v Russell. In the question Tyson has breach s 55 fitness for purpose where he is selling furniture in his Classic Antiques Store but the furniture that he sell are fragile. In s 55 there is certain condition we must satisfy. First, buyer must express or the seller has known the buyer particular purpose for the goods they required. Second, has the buyer relied on the seller’s skill or judgment? Third, are the goods of a description which it is in the course of the seller’s business to supply? And lastly, has the buyer ordered the goods under their trade name so that it is clear there is no reliance on the skill of judgment of the seller? Based on the condition above, I had satisfied all the condition, where I express to Mandela (salesperson) that I want to use the armchair as my new house furniture. On the other hand, Mandela stated that ‘It is a solid old thing. I sit on it all the time. ’ Hence, I relied on his judgment and bought the armchair. Moreover, Tyson business are selling furniture’s where the armchair is considered as a furniture, thus it is also satisfied goods are descriptive under the course of the seller’s business. Lastly, although I didn’t buy the armchair based on the trade name, but I rely on the skill or judgment by Mandela. In conclusion, the seller has breach all the criteria in s 55 and under s 261 consumer have the right to choose either a refund or replacement of the products if supplier fail to fulfill with consumer guarantee, as a result I can insist Tyson compensate me for $500 for fixing the chair and also can return the chair and insist upon a refund. Â  Based on the question, the issues would be based on Mandela’s statement that ‘It is a solid old thing. I sit on it all the time. You will be used it safely for many years. Will it lead consumers to believe that it can be used as furniture and can be used safely for many years, specifically under consumer guarantees s 18 Misleading or Deceptive conduct? In the question, the law would be s 18 where ‘A corporation shall not engage in conduct that is misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive’, based on the case of Eveready Australia Pty Ltd v Gillette Australia Pty Ltd ,Henjo Investment Pty Ltd & Ors v Collins Marrickville Pty Ltd and Taco Company of Australia Inc v Taco Bell Pty Ltd. In the application, there are 3 elements which must fulfill breach of s 18. First of all, Mandela engage in conduct with me that the armchair is safe and can be used for many years more which imply a false representation of the fact to me where the armchair was actually fragile. Furthermore, I purchase the armchair under trade and commerce whereby under mutual communication, and I negotiated 30minutes orally with Mandela (salesperson) to sell me the armchair with $1500. Moreover, Mandela conduct was misleading or deceptive where he stated he sits on the armchair all the time where he actually doesn’t sit on it and the fact that the chair was actually fragile. Refer to Taco Bell to determine whether the conduct is misleading or deceptive that there are certain criteria to justify whether they are mislead or deceived. First, the conduct is based on me which is justified the targeted by the conduct of the defendant. The time I was in Tyson’s shop, Mandela forms an erroneous conclusion to me, that the armchair is safe and can be used as furniture where it was not the fact. Hence, proves the conduct by Mandela skilled of being misleading or deceptive. In conclusion, Mandela has breach the 3 elements in s 18 of ACL for misleading and deceptive. Based on the question, Tyson is the owner of the shop (Principle), Mandela is the store manager and also salesperson (Agent) and I am the buyer (Third Party). In the question the issue is whether or not Mandela had authority to sell the chair at that price under Agency scope of an agent’s authority? Law is express authority where the agreement is created between agent and principal in the w ritten or oral form based on the case John McCann & Co v Pow. In addition, apparent authority is also applied here where the principle, either by words or conduct, may leads to third party mistaken to believe that an agent has authority to act on the principle’s behalf, based on the case Tooth & Co v Laws. Moreover, duty of agent where the agent must follow the lawful and reasonable instruction of the principle and be honest in performing the job is set by the principle’, based on the case Bertram, Armstrong & Co v Godfray. Hence in the application, Mandela has breach express authority under agency where he doesn’t follow the oral agreement by Tyson to sell the armchair for at least $3500 and he sold the armchair for me with $1500. Besides that, under apparent authority, Tyson either by words or conduct leads me to believe that Mandela has authority to contract on their behalf and I couldn’t know Tyson has instructed Mandela to sell the armchair for at least $3500. Based on the question, the issue is whether I can sue Tyson under tort of negligence and claim compensation? The law tort of negligence was recognized in the case Donoghue v Stevenson where the plaintiff must establish that, the defendant owed the plaintiff a duty of care, the defendant breached that duty, and lastly the plaintiff suffered damage as a result of the breach in tort of negligence. Hence in the application, Tyson (defendant) has owed a duty of care to me (plaintiff) based on the test and relationship. All the risk in the shop must be reasonable foreseeable, however the armchair was not reasonable foreseeable where the armchair looked nice but actually was fragile, even though Tyson does put a sign on the wall of the shop mention that ‘Please do not sit on the chair-fragile- considered sold if damaged’ but as a furniture shop, customers might need to try or test the quality of the products. In addition, there is a vulnerable relationship where Tyson hires Mandela as a manager and salesperson to control the shop, and I was reliant on Mandela, thus Mandela has the duty to protect my safety in the shop. Hence, Tyson has breach duty of care under magnitude of the risk of likelihood of the occurrence where the armchair was not covered or blocked to prevent customer sitting on it which same case as Bolton v Stone. Thus, he had fail to exercise the required standard of care due to the armchair being fragile and I sit on it, the chair had collapsed under my weight and has been injured when I fell to the floor. Hence, I have suffered damage due to the chair collapsed and I fell to the floor. However, Tyson have defenses to negligence under voluntary assumption of the risk where the plaintiff had full and absolute knowledge of the risk where defendant had actually put the sign on the wall that said ‘please do not sit on the chair- fragile- considered sold if damaged’. Besides that, the plaintiff had sufficient appreciation of that particular risk where plaintiff had saw the sign on the wall but ignore the sign. Lastly, there was voluntarily acceptance of that risk as the plaintiff knew the chair were fragile but doesn’t care and sit on the chair. Hence, at defendant point of view plaintiff should bear the risk. In conclusion, as I am the plaintiff I can sue Tyson under tort of negligence and claim for compensation, because Tyson should need to be more aware and cover or block the fragile furniture instead of just putting a sign on the wall due to customer might ignore the sign and sit on the chair.

Storm Born Chapter Ten

By my count, we'd spent a little over two hours at Dorian's and almost an hour getting there. That did not please me. At this rate, we might not get home until dawn in our world. If we made it home. Dorian's servant, Gawyn, looked like he was about a hundred years old. No, wait. Actually, that'd be pretty young for one of the gentry. Okay. He looked about a millennium old. I don't know. He was just old, plain and simple. His gray hair fell almost to his ankles, and as soon as I saw him hobble forward, I suddenly envisioned us taking another three hours to get to Aeson's, despite how close Dorian and the spirits claimed it was. â€Å"He's ancient,† I whispered to Dorian. â€Å"And he seems kind of†¦out of it.† Gawyn was currently telling Wil what lovely legs he had, despite the fact that Wil had none in spirit form. I wasn't entirely sure if Gawyn even realized Wil was male. â€Å"His mind will be razor sharp when it comes to Aeson's castle. As for speed, I'll give you horses. You look like you could ride a number of things exceptionally well.† I ignored the innuendo, mostly thinking how it'd been years since I'd been on a horse – not counting my earlier capture. Horses had never done much for me. I didn't get why little girls wanted ponies. If I did more riding tonight, I'd likely be sore as hell tomorrow. Once my weapons were returned, we set out. Dorian waved us off, telling me he'd be looking forward to my next visit. I stayed professional, simply thanking him for his help. I think this delighted him more than any other reaction could have. The horses did give us more speed than walking and were the best I could have hoped for in a world without mechanical transportation. The horse I rode was midnight black with a small white star on its nose. Gawyn's appeared to be a palomino. The spirits and Wil merely drifted in our wakes. In the darkness, I could just barely see Gawyn glancing over at me. â€Å"So you're Eugenie Markham. The Dark Swan.† â€Å"So they say.† â€Å"I met your father once.† â€Å"Oh?† I didn't bother making the father-stepfather clarification. â€Å"Great man.† â€Å"You think so?† â€Å"Absolutely. I know some don't think so†¦but, well, you should be proud.† â€Å"Thank you. I am.† Gawyn said no more, and I pondered his words, feeling kind of surprised. Considering what Dorian had told me, I hadn't expected Roland to have fans in the Otherworld. Then again, Dorian had also said that some – what was her name? Maiwenn? – had opposed Storm King. They might very well view Roland as a hero. We traveled in relative silence after that, broken occasionally when Finn would happily spout about what a great party Dorian had had. Like before, we crossed in and out of the various kingdoms and their climatic changes. I still felt like we traveled in circles. More than once, Gawyn called us to a halt, scratched his head, and mumbled to himself. I didn't find that reassuring. At one point, he led us off the trail and into a forest, and I hoped one of my minions would speak up if we'd gotten completely lost. Everything was tropically warm and flourishing here, so presumably we rode in the Alder Land again. Gawyn came to a stop. â€Å"Here,† he said. I looked around. Night insects sang in the trees around us, and the smell of dirt, fresh growth, and decaying plants permeated the air. It had been dark before, but now the canopy of leaves blocked out even starlight. Gawyn climbed off his horse, nearly falling into a heap on the ground. I started to get down and help him, but he soon righted himself. He walked a few paces forward and then slammed his foot against the ground. A hard, solid sound answered back. I dismounted as well. â€Å"What is that?† Volusian, back in a legged form, walked over. â€Å"A door of sorts. Built into the ground.† â€Å"Yes,† said Gawyn triumphantly. â€Å"Built for sieges. But never used anymore.† â€Å"Does it lead into Aeson's fortress thing?† I asked. â€Å"To the cellar. Stairs from the cellar lead up to the kitchen. From the kitchen, you take the servants' stairs – â€Å" â€Å"Whoa, hang on.† I wanted to make sure I had it all. Volusian created blue flame to cast light, and we drew a map in a clear spot of dirt based on Gawyn's recollections. I might have doubted his memories, but he spoke with certainty, and he had managed to lead us to this obscure place. Maybe Dorian had been right in the â€Å"razor sharp† assessment. When Gawyn felt we had the directions to the residential wing memorized, he told us he wouldn't join us. He would wait here to tell Dorian what became of us. That was fine by me. I didn't really regard Gawyn as a battle asset – or Wil, for that matter. Unlike the old man, however, the ghostly conspiracy theorist didn't take being left behind so well. â€Å"But I told you, I need to reassure her – â€Å" â€Å"No,† I said firmly. â€Å"I let you come this far, and you almost ruined things with those riders. Now you wait. If Jasmine's scared, she'll hold on a few more minutes until we bring her out to you.† I worried I'd have to bind him – I could actually do it since he was here in spirit, not in body – but it didn't come to that. He conceded, so I entered the trapdoor with just my minions in tow. â€Å"Truly,† remarked Nandi as we entered a darkened tunnel, â€Å"it is amazing that you have not died yet, mistress.† â€Å"Well, hang in there. The night is young.† Volusian provided light again, and we let it guide us along a stone-encased tunnel that smelled damp. Rats ran by at one point. Finn had been right. Apparently the Otherworld did have its share of animals and vermin. When the tunnel sloped upward, I knew we had reached the end. A wooden door in the ceiling marked our next gateway. I asked the spirits to go into an insubstantial form. Hitherto, they'd walked along looking very human. I needed them obscured now. Compliant, all three shifted to what looked like a fine mist surrounding me. I pushed open the door and climbed out, finding myself in a small enclosed space. The mist that was Volusian glowed once more, and I made out the shapes of bags and boxes. If Gawyn was right about this attaching to the kitchen, then those containers probably contained food or other supplies. Twenty feet in front of me, a doorway was outlined in light shining through from the other side. I walked up about ten steps and gingerly opened the door. I now stood in a kitchen, a very rustic one compared to my own, but completely on par with what I'd seen at Dorian's place. All was quiet. â€Å"Where is everyone?† I murmured. â€Å"It's late now,† Finn whispered back. â€Å"No one's hungry. And Aeson's not into the party scene as much as Dorian.† We found the servants' stairwell exactly where Gawyn had said it would be. Unfortunately, when I opened the door, I found a servant there, just coming down. We stared at each other stupidly, and I had only a heartbeat to decide how to handle him. I wielded both gun and athame. In another state of mind, I probably would have just killed him. But something held me back. Maybe it was Dorian. Maybe it was seeing his people and having to acknowledge they were more than just a faceless mob. Whatever it was, I chose not to kill this time. I reached out, grabbed the guy, and gave him a hard jolt to the head with my fist and the butt of my gun. His eyes rolled back, and he collapsed to the floor. Once he had been safely deposited in the cellar, we continued on our way. We encountered no one else on the stairs, nor in the magnificent hallway it led us to. Enormous stone pillars supported the high ceiling, and rich oil paintings of various landscapes turned the walls into seas of living color. We had reached the residential wing, just as Gawyn had said. If my other intelligence was correct, we'd find Jasmine Delaney behind one of the many doors lining the hall. Fortunately, housekeeping had decided to leave open all of the unoccupied rooms. Sticking my head inside a few, I could see no one had occupied them in awhile. The beds were stripped of covers, and dust coated everything. Only two doors were actually closed. In some ways, that made my job easier. Yet, I might have enjoyed the buildup of opening a few false doors before the big payoff. Weapons readied, I opened the first one. It led to a bedroom almost bigger than Dorian's, but no one was inside. All was dark and still. A smoldering fire provided the only source of movement. Pausing a moment, I admired the wall tapestries and canopied bed. It had a nice layout, almost circular, complete with adjacent rooms and high ceilings. It made my bedroom at home look like a closet. â€Å"One left,† I muttered, slipping back out. We turned down the hall and approached the only other closed doorway. Unless Jasmine was locked in a dungeon, we should find her here, according to what we'd heard. I reached for the handle, then hesitated. â€Å"You open it, Volusian.† Some of the mist coalesced into physical form. Once solid, Volusian slowly opened the door and peered in. It looked dark. I started to move forward, but he held up a warning hand. â€Å"No, there's something – â€Å" Light flared on, and suddenly we were under attack. I tried to back out of the room, but someone grabbed me, pulling me inside. With me at risk, the other minions poured into the room. They had no choice, their preemptive orders always demanding they look to my safety. This was a bedroom, like the other one, but seven men stood here, armed with weapons and magic. I fired at the one who had grabbed me, aiming for the face and neck now that I knew what little effect I'd had on Dorian's people. It was bloody and messy, but I felt pretty sure even the best healing magic would have a tough time fixing that guy up. Once free of him, I turned on the next one who came at me. He was smart enough to strike out at my gun hand, attempting to neutralize that threat. I slashed at him with the other hand, the one holding the athame. He flinched at the feel of iron, and I used that momentary weakness to grab him and shove him into the wall with my elbow. He collapsed to the floor, and a sharp kick to the gut made sure he stayed down. I saw the spirits engaged in battle nearby, shoving and fighting with a strength that was literally inhuman. Two other men had been subdued or killed by them, and they now fought a third. That left two. One lunged at me, and I shot him, the gun's report loud in the small room. He fell backward, and I fired again, still not trusting gentry healing on their own turf. I started to look for the last guy when I heard a small whimper on the far side of the room. I turned, pausing. It was her. Jasmine Delaney. She was smaller and slighter than I'd thought she'd be. A long white gown covered her body, and she wrapped its voluminous folds around herself as she huddled in the corner. Lank, reddish blond hair nearly covered her face, but it couldn't hide her eyes. They were enormous and gray, filled with fear. They stood out sharply against her pale, gaunt face. Seeing my gaze upon her, she cringed further. Anger boiled within me. And pity. I knew she was fifteen, but in that moment, she looked about ten. She was a child. And she was trapped here, taken against her will. Hotter and fiercer my rage grew. I needed to make her captor pay, to let him know he couldn't just – My moment of emotion cost me. In those seconds I'd spent staring at her, I'd lost the last man. I felt a blade at my throat and realized I'd let him sneak up behind me. â€Å"If you want to live,† he said, â€Å"drop your weapons and call off your servants.† I didn't really think I'd live if I did that, but I was pretty sure I wouldn't if I didn't. So I did as he asked. Yet, it wasn't entirely clear to me what this one guy could really do alone. A moment later, I had my answer as another man entered. Immediately, I knew he was Aeson. For one thing, the others had been dressed in a sort of uniform. He was not. He wore deep burgundy pants tucked into thigh-high boots made of black leather. A shirt of black silk clothed his upper body, billowing and gleaming. His gray-streaked brown hair was pulled back in a short ponytail, and a circlet of gold sat on his head. His face was long and narrow, with a mouth destined for good sneers. Arrogant or not, Dorian had never worn a crown in his own keep, I realized. There had been no need. His kingship was obvious to all. Two guards followed Aeson, and upon seeing the situation, he sent one for backup. And here we'd been doing so well in evening the odds. â€Å"If I'd realized you would decimate my men in minutes, I would have had the whole garrison up here,† Aeson remarked. He leaned toward me, touching my cheek. â€Å"It really is you. Eugenie Markham. I can't believe I finally have you.† I tried to squirm from that touch, but I had nowhere to go, not with a blade at my throat. My minions waited, tense, willing to do whatever I asked. Yet, I feared unleashing them might put Jasmine at risk – and my own throat. â€Å"You have her,† said a shaking voice from the hall. â€Å"I did what I said. Now give me Jasmine.† Moving my eyes, I stared in astonishment. Wil floated in the doorway. He must have followed us after all. He looked at Aeson expectantly. An uneasy feeling built up within me, and everything clicked into place. â€Å"You traitorous son of a bitch!† Ignoring my outrage, Wil turned pleading eyes to Aeson. â€Å"Please. I brought you Eugenie. I kept my part of the deal.† â€Å"Yes,† said Aeson without even looking at the other man. â€Å"You did. And I will keep my word – momentarily.† He kept studying me like I was some kind of treasure or artifact. Like I was the eighth wonder of the world. I appreciated the boost to my ego, but the look in his eyes was actually kind of creeping me out. â€Å"Aeson – † tried Wil again. â€Å"Shut up,† snapped the king, still staring at me. The hand on my cheek slipped down and cupped my chin. He smiled, but it was a cold smile, one that didn't meet his eyes. In the corner, I heard Jasmine make a distraught sound. â€Å"After all this time, after so much waiting, I can finally beget the heir.† The statement was so ludicrous as to simply bounce off of me without comprehension. â€Å"Either kill me or let me go. I hate these idiotic soliloquies.† The entranced look on his face suddenly sharpened, and he blinked. â€Å"You†¦you have no idea, do you?† When I didn't answer, he started laughing so hard, I thought tears would form in his eyes. â€Å"I've tried so hard to get you, and you never even knew. You really don't know.† â€Å"Know what?† I asked impatiently. â€Å"Who your father is.† I didn't really appreciate the Star Wars?Cesque routine. â€Å"Roland Markham is my father. And the next time I see him, we're going to come back and kick your ass together. If I don't do it now.† â€Å"The next time you see him, you should ask him for the truth about you and Storm King.† â€Å"I don't have anything to do with Storm King.† â€Å"He's your father, girl. Roland Markham is a murderer and a thief. How could you not have known?† He might as well have been speaking a foreign language. â€Å"Maybe because you're insane. And because I'm human.† â€Å"Are you? Funny. You function in this world as easily as one of the shining ones. I've never met a human who could.† â€Å"Maybe I'm gifted.† I had on my bitch-bravado face, but his words were sneaking into me. I've heard that the soul often recognizes truth when it hears it, even if the mind does not. Maybe that was what was happening. My logical self was still being stubborn, but something†¦something in his words tickled the back of my mind. It was like some image lay there, covered in a black veil, waiting for me to lift it. â€Å"You are gifted. More than you know.† He brushed my hair out of my face. â€Å"Soon I will give you the greatest gift of your life. I'll redeem you for being a blood traitor.† â€Å"Shut up.† The keres had called me a blood traitor too. â€Å"You don't know what you're talking about.† â€Å"Then why do you look so pale? Admit it. You've always known. You've always been alone.† â€Å"Everyone feels alone.† â€Å"Not like you do. Rest easy, though. You won't be lonely much longer. I would have taken you to my bed even if you were ugly, but now that I've seen you – â€Å" There were a lot of ways to have your maniacal tirade cut short, but being attacked by a fox was a new one. I didn't even know where it came from. One minute, Aeson was babbling on about having his way with me, and the next, a red fox was leaping out at him, claws and teeth bared. I'd never thought of a fox as a really dangerous animal, but this one looked lethal. It was the size of a German shepherd, and it hit Aeson like a tank. Its claws left scratches on his face. The guard holding me released me to help his master, and I retrieved my gun. I fired on him just as he was about to pry the fox from Aeson. It wasn't a killing shot, but it distracted him, halting his progress. I grabbed the wounded guard and threw him as far as the difference in our body weights would allow. He collapsed into a pile, and I shot him again. I turned toward Aeson to check the fox's progress, but the fox was no longer holding the king down. Kiyo was. My mouth dropped open. Kiyo. The black hair curled behind his ears, and I could see his muscles straining as he struggled with Aeson, his hands wrapped around the king's throat. Fire flared up from Aeson's fingertips, and I heard Kiyo grunt in response. I started to go to him without conscious thought, but he yelled at me to get Jasmine. Jasmine. Of course. The reason I was here. I dragged my eyes from the face I'd been obsessing on for the past week and approached the girl in the corner. I didn't think she could move any farther against the wall, yet she seemed to do so with each step I took. â€Å"Jasmine,† I said, leaning over and trying to sound gentle despite the panic coursing through me. â€Å"I'm a friend. I'm here to help you – â€Å" With those pathetic eyes and worn features, I'd expected some difficulty in getting her on her feet. What I did not expect was for her to suddenly leap out and flail at me with both hands. â€Å"Noooo!† she screamed, her shrill voice grating against my ears. I recoiled, not because of the threat she represented but because of the damage I could potentially cause her. â€Å"Aeson!† She ran to the struggling men and started beating fists on Kiyo's back. I suspected they had about the same effect as a fly landing on him. He transformed into a fox, and her blows fell on Aeson instead. I reached for her in that moment of surprise, but she was too small and too fast. She slipped away from me and everyone else in the room, and ran out the door before any of us could stop her. â€Å"Jasmine!† I yelled, my cries echoed by Wil as I ran to the door. Kiyo and Aeson still fought, and some distant part of me noted how Kiyo slipped in and out of fox and human forms as Aeson used fire magic against him. â€Å"Eugenie,† gasped Kiyo, â€Å"get out of here. Now.† â€Å"Jasmine – † I began. â€Å"The girl is gone, mistress,† said Volusian. â€Å"The kitsune is right. We need to get out of here. Cut your losses.† â€Å"No.† I stuck my head out the door. Jasmine was not in sight. Over a dozen or so guards running down the hall were, however. â€Å"Eugenie!† It was Kiyo again. â€Å"Run!† â€Å"Yes, Storm Daughter,† laughed Aeson, blood running out of his nose. â€Å"Run home. Ask Roland Markham who your father is.† â€Å"You bastard – † I wanted to lunge at him, to help Kiyo, but Finn grabbed me. â€Å"Jump now. Back to your world.† The pounding boots in the hall were almost upon us. â€Å"I can't. Not from here. I don't have an anchor.† â€Å"Yes, you do.† He glanced over at Wil, who hung there, translucent and utterly useless. If it had been up to me, I would have left Wil and his betraying ass here to be destroyed, but suddenly he had a purpose. Seeing my uncertain look, Kiyo said, â€Å"I'll go as soon as you do. They're here!† And they were. Men pouring into the room. I probably shouldn't have cared what happened to Kiyo, but I did. I wanted him to get out of this alive. I wanted to find Jasmine and bring her away. But the best I could do now was save my own skin. Invoking Hecate, I shifted my senses away from this world, reaching out to my own. While doing so, my will grabbed ahold of a startled Wil, dragging his spirit with me. A hard transition like that, without a crossroads or thin spot, theoretically could have dumped me anywhere in the human world. But I had Wil's spirit in tow. It had no choice but to snap back to his physical body, out in the Sonora Desert. If I was strong enough. â€Å"Follow!† I yelled to the minions. Or maybe it was to Kiyo. I didn't really know. The world shifted, my senses blurring. Crossing worlds in a convenient spot was like crossing through a wall made out of plastic sheeting. It was thin, and it took some struggling and clawing, but you could eventually get through. Jumping without a normal crossover spot, however? Well, that was like breaking through a brick wall.

Relevant Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Relevant Theory - Essay Example (Bauman, Phongsavan, 1999, 183). Most drug use begins in the pre-teen and teenage years, these years are most crucial in the development of a young persons life. The average age when youth first try alcohol is 11 years for boys and 13 years for girls. The average age at which Americans begin drinking regularly is 15 years old. During these years teenagers are faced with tasks like discovering their self-identity, which results in a sense of independency and searching for goals that would give their lives meaning. Drugs are readily available, adolescents are curious and vulnerable, and there is peer pressure that pushes them to experiment. The use of drugs by teenagers is the result of a combination of factors such as peer pressure, curiosity, and availability. (Zanis, 1999, 235). One of the most important reasons of teenage drug usage is peer pressure. Peer pressure represents social influences that effect adolescents, it can have a positive or a negative effect, depending on person's social group and one can follow one path of the other. (Zanis, 1999, 55-56). We are greatly influenced by the people around us. In today's schools drugs are very common, peer pressure usually is the reason for their usage. If the people in your social group use drugs there will be pressure to use also, a direct or indirect pressure from them. In turn it is believed to be that how we view ourselves depends highly on how others view us. This is probably a good reason why peer pressure is such a factor in adolescent drug use. Abraham Maslow's theory of human development suggests that basic needs are physiological and that the ultimate at the top of the pyramid model is self-actualization, which implies an unattached human being realizing its full potential and autonomy. Maslow's theory of human development involves moving from basic needs (food and shelter) to social needs (love and esteem) to the highest needs on his hierarchy, which lead to self-actualization. According to Maslow's theory, humans have several types of needs: physiological, safety/order, social, esteem and self-actualization. These needs are the basis of his human development theory and are met in social and family settings. (Maslow, 1970, 225-227). Unfortunately, with hormones raging, emotions tend to get the best of this group of individuals. Understanding the emotional development in early childhood through adulthood, leads us to understanding the importance of self-esteem. Through our experiences with the world, we as human beings, form concepts of causal relationships. We formulate opinions of ourselves based upon the collected experiences of life. Some are fortunate enough to grow and develop in positive nurturing environments that foster optimal beliefs systems. Others have a more difficult time remaining positive about themselves and life in general. Just as people form concepts regarding the behavior of inanimate objects, animals, and other human beings, they also form a concept of themselves, of what they are like, of how they will react in various situations. The concept people form of themselves stated positively or negatively, is their self-esteem. (Hogan, 2000, 346). With effects like this it is guaranteed that

Will significant peace wver prevail between Palestine and Israel Essay

Will significant peace wver prevail between Palestine and Israel - Essay Example The peace process is usually used to describe various paths taken in order to secure lasting peace to the conflict. Indeed, over the years, various attempts have been made in securing lasting peace and these include the Rogers peace plan and the Saddat initiative (1970 – 1972), Madrid Conference (1991), Oslo Accords (1993), Hebron Agreement (1997), Wye River Memorandum (1998), Camp David 2000 Summit (2000), Clinton’s â€Å"Parameters† and the Taba talks (2000 – 2001), Beirut Summit (2002), the â€Å"Road Map† for Peace (2002 – 2003), Israel-Hamas ceasefire of 2008 (2008), the 2010 direct talks (2010) and other alternative peace proposals. Despite these efforts, the prospect of everlasting peace is still far from realization. The major obstacle in achieving significant peace in the Israelis-Palestinian conflict is the lack of good will among leaders of both sides. Most often, promises to carry out peace deal were not kept by the Israeli as wel l as the Palestinian leaders. Furthermore, peace negotiations have been interrupted by outbreaks of hostilities between both sides. Other issues that stand against lasting peace in the conflict are related to borders and division of the land, Palestinians’ concern over Israelis settlements in the West Bank, the status of Jerusalem, Israelis’ concern over security, terrorism, safety and violence, right of return of Palestinian refugees living in the Palestinian Diaspora and the emotional bitterness among Israelis and Palestinians. The key issue on the Israelis side that hampers lasting peace is security concern.

IT Outsourcing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IT Outsourcing Paper - Essay Example â€Å"IT outsourcing has become a common means of corporate management in the financial as well as other sectors† (Suzuki, 2005, p. 23). Currently, IT is a lifeline for each company and determinedly united with each part of all company’s business, so it does not astonish that service like outsourcing has been extended to IT associated functions, such as development of software and preservation, function of information systems, and organization of networks and servers. The Project Drives or Creates More Revenue for the Corporation: Initially, organizations can anticipate higher-quality services by using skilled and experienced external specialists. It helps to increase more revenue by the way of reducing wages. As the technology development and diversification are incorporated with businesses, more superior abilities are demanded to obtain more sophisticated IT service needs. The primary cause for IT off shoring is reduction of cost. Organizations can discover opportunit y for radical reduction of cost by taking benefit of the wage differences among countries. The Project Cuts the Cost of Doing Business: Secondly, IT service suppliers have benefits in cost effectiveness based on their scalability. Large suppliers can recommend the same kind of services to numerous client organizations in the course of their pool of work and infrastructure. This type of resource sharing creates a considerable donation to the reduction of cost in comparison to circumstances whereby every organization carries out the services by itself. IT outsourcing can cut the cost of operation by way of cutting the cost of premises and other expenses. The Project is Mandated by Laws (Federal, State, County, or Local) or Executive Orders: Like any other project IT outsourcing project also mandated by federal, state, county, or local laws and executive orders. Subsequent to setting the scope of outsourcing, the organization desires to select the vendor with a deliberate assessment an d a comparative assessment of consistency, degree, technology, abilities and potential effects. Lastly, the organization should finish the agreement with the vendor; it is at this time when the task of explicit positions in addition to duties and concrete actions to be taken in opposition to the various types of contractual risks, which is the key to justifying the risks of outsourcing. The Competitor has undertaken a Similar Project: The present quick increase in offshore IT outsourcing has sparked a contest on the costs and advantages of this tendency to the U.S. financial system. If the competitor is using the same project, it will not be much effective for the organizations to perform extremely well. Outsourcing must not be viewed as an explanation in resolving dilemma service areas in the companies. If an inner service part is not performing successfully, by transferring it to an exterior contractor could only increase the problem. So, it is significant that companies that carr ying out outsourcing must be capable to clearly recognize its long term IT strategic guidelines and long term information requirements.   The course of recognizing solutions for a company can be complicated; mainly if the company is not certain about the steps to obtain to create success. To facilitate help in figuring out numerous problems in Global Communications at

Technology and Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Technology and Human Resources - Essay Example These laws clearly stipulate that the applicant’s proposal to be included among those being evaluated for placement as front desk position be justly considered without focusing on age or disability; but on similar requirements and qualifications (educational background, skills, work experiences, etc.) noted for the identified position. In no way should be employer disregard the applicant’s intention to apply due to neither age nor disability. Likewise, if the position expressly require escorting visitors to identified departments within the hospital setting, the reasonable accommodation clause addresses any challenging concerns by making sure that despite being confined in a wheelchair, the applicant could, in fact, escort visitors since the hospital has been designed to ensure that â€Å"existing facilities used by employees (are) readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities† (U.S. EEOC, n.d., p. 1). Therefore, the applicant’s application should be handled based on qualifications deemed essential in undertaking â€Å"the essential functions of the employment position that such individual holds or desires† (U.S. EEOC, n.d., p. 1) without disregarding the application due to age nor

Distribution and Retail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Distribution and Retail - Essay Example The positioning of a product is very beneficial for the company in order to get the ‘feel’ of consumers and the general public. Public perception is vital for a product as it determines whether or not the product would be sold successfully in that market. It is a fact that the general public always remembers the leading company, which has introduced a product. Effective product positioning also affects the determination of alternative products and different purchasing levels. The basic meaning of product positioning in any market local or foreign is to get a comparison of your brand versus your competitor’s brand. So with this in mind it is safe to assume that proper product positioning may alter the choice of the consumers, meaning, it may develop an alternative between same products. It takes a great deal of research and assessment when a company decides to place its product in another market in another country, there is a series of different analysis which are needed so that determining how a product will be conceived in another market becomes easy (Varle 2006). It should be remembered that product positioning directly influences the consumer’s evaluation of similar products and their will to purchase products. These are the stages in which the buyer takes two products of the similar market, the products are also similar, and then based on various brands available in the market the consumer prefers only one out of them, which he or she thinks is the most suitable. When the consumer is evaluating two similar products of the same brand the major factor affecting his or her decision is buying one brand and ‘product positioning’ will aid them to buy the product, which suits them well. So basically when a consumer wants to buy a similar product of which there are other alternatives and brands present, it is important that they choose one brand, and this they determine by performing a sort of problem solving technique which can lead them to make a better choice. With this being said, it is also true that a major portion of problem solving they perform involves a level of ‘consumer involvement’. This depends on the level of interest that particular consumer has in buying a product, then there is the cost factor, then there is also the visibility of the product and the significance the consumer gives to the product and many other factors, which means that brand positioning can only be affected by the level of involvement. Based on this information we shall now review, analyze and evaluate the owner‘s venture in UK. The owner of the business has founded a factory which produces casual pure cotton for a large departmental chain, but now the factory also manufactures clothes such as skirts, shirts, pants and dresses for ladies in three different sizes, the operation is on a small scale but the owner has now become the main distributer and now wants to sell his products in UK (Ries 1981). The target market of the store and its positioning First of all before opening the store in Greater London, the owner has to determine the target market for his clothing. As the owner produces shirts, skirts, pants and etc for ladies in all three sizes, he must look for a location within Greater London where there are fewer competitors. The positioning of the store will largely depend on the number of alternatives present in that market if the competition in the area is fierce then it is suggested that the owner should find another location

FIRST literacy experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FIRST literacy experience - Essay Example The semester has been taken as the most tenable timeframe for observing a literacy experience since it is the most minimal testable and evaluable unit of time. At first, my literacy experience in college was premised upon paying critical attention, as a way of getting meaning out of the scholarly texts I engaged with and lectures and discussions I attended. I had rightly surmised that this was the best way of comprehending the concepts that had been taught and those that had been scheduled for the semester’s outline. As a matter of fact, understanding these course concepts were of great importance since that was the essence of education and a sure way of excelling in college exams. In a closely related wavelength, I would get out of my way to engage past end-of-semester exams to have a gist of the manner in which exams were set. This learning strategy saw me through most of the assignments and continuous assessment exams. However, with the accentuation of time within the first semester, I came to the realization that I was not engaging the best approach and attitude to my scholarly journey in college. This is especially after I had an encounter with critical and creative thinking. I realized that like many, I had mistakenly relegated critical and creative thinking and its facets to humanities and cognitive sciences. Because of my encounter with critical thinking I came to realize that learning is a complex whole which comprises critical attention, critical thinking and active participation, commonly known as the reader-response criticism. It is from this point that I came to realize the importance of translating texts into conceptual terms of cultural, metaphysical and psychological realities, over the traditional interpretative approach. In respect to the foregoing, I embraced and began to adopt the psychoanalytic approach as a way of carrying out intellectual and academic engagements. In the psychoanalytic approach, all literary experiences are defined , qualified and appraised in relation to psychological processes such as projection, introjections, defense mechanisms and identification. Nevertheless, I realized that the method described herein requires more and wider reading exercises so as to have a strong grasp on the concept being taught. It is from this point that of great understanding that I as any other individual following this path was able to: unconsciously develop a love for the discipline I was dabbling in; form impromptu questions in my mind, note them down for further investigation and consultation with my lecturers; challenge some of the theories, schools of thought or standpoints that had been passed on in lecture halls as plausible explanations to a phenomenon [it is in wide reading and understanding that limitations and strengths in some of the schools of thoughts can be noted]; appreciate discussion forums; and strongly appreciate the importance of maintaining a reading and inquisitive culture, in lieu of read ing for exams. The crux of the observation above is emphasized by Hellenga’s observation to the effect that while the traditional method allows people [like myself at first instance] to comprehend and internalize the concepts being newly introduced, the psychoanalytic approach enabled to internalize, synthesize and even proceed to challenge or recommend these newly taught concepts. In this regard, I came to learn that proper education or

Counseling African Americans Essay Example for Free

Counseling African Americans Essay Sue and Sue’s Chapter 14 Counseling African Americans spends a great deal of effort exploring cultural particulars and corresponding clinical implications while working with African Americans; factors such as family dynamics, educational orientation, spirituality, and the pressures and stress of racism and marginalization. This offered me perspective through a lens much broader than my own somewhat narrow, predominantly white, and fairly privileged way of relating to the world. Before understanding culturally appropriate interventions, one must have an understanding of the cultural context or the cultural word of an individual. For me, this first means that differences must be noted, either literally in relationship with the African American client or simply as a clinical observation I make on my own. Of course the difference in the two will depend on the client, context, and general relevancy in the moment. In my own experience, noting racial difference aloud with a client has been most helpful in that it gives permission for the potentially â€Å"taboo† topic of race and differences to be considered, brought into the space at a later time, and even into the forefront of consciousness. Apart from the explicit therapeutic relationship, noting difference is a personal reminder that I am no expert on anyone’s experience but my own, I may make mistakes (and probably will), I should steer clear of assumptions, it’s ok to be curious, and to do my homework. Once a general understanding of differences is established, then one can begin to consider appropriate therapeutic interventions. Let’s take the issue of racism and discrimination; the byproduct of these atrocities oftentimes manifests as defense and survival mechanisms in Black Americans. Which can lead to a general mistrust or as it’s stated (by Sue and Sue) a â€Å"healthy cultural paranoia†, as a way of coping. This mistrust can be of individuals, entire races of people, the government, social service providers†¦ With this in mind, it’s important to determine what the client’s feelings and understandings about therapy are. To touch base and explain what kind of therapy I engage in, how it can be helpful to them, and what can be expected of our time together. Hopefully this will help to assuage uneasy feelings of fear of the unknown or mistrust, as well as set up a foundation for a healthy therapeutic alliance. Although Sue and Sue’s Afrocentric perspective can be helpful it can also simultaneously be viewed as reductive. It’s important not to discount individual differences by universalizing traits of African Americans. Self cannot be defined as a unitary concept evolving from a single defining variable, such as race or gender (Williams, 1999). For instance, not all women are nurturing, caring, and relational. Similarly, not all African Americans possess an African ethos of communalism or spirituality. Race, class, sexual orientation, and gender are all complex interactive components that make up the self. To approach a client through the lens of only one of these variables, means potentially silencing a central component of their identity. Additionally, it is also necessary to consider an internal state without regard to the social demands of each variable. Collectively, these considerations can aide to a more holistic view when working with African American clients. Part Two After spending a year in practicum at the SF county jail, I feel as though I’ve had a fairly decent introduction to working with African American females. When I began practicum I had had very little training in diversity or cross-cultural counseling. Turns out that a year in the jail was one large training in diversity and cross-cultural counseling! Now I’m able to pin my personal experience against the readings and gauge my success as a culturally competent therapist. When assessing my strengths, I find that I possess a keen and tremendously empathic understanding of how the stress of racism, sexism, and oppression can manifest in African American women. Oftentimes the byproduct of this stress is what brings the individual to jail. As a clinician, I can confidently say that I am able to enter the therapeutic relationship with a greater capacity for empathy because of this understanding and build a strong alliance as an ally as well as a therapist. I’m not afraid to make mistakes and have no attachment to being â€Å"right†; these qualities will only support me as a clinician. In addition, my upfront demeanor and willingness to self-disclose have had a remarkable impact on the therapeutic relationship. My empathy is strongly with women and their plight of identifying and addressing all the â€Å"isms† that stand between them and equality, wholeness, and health. Frequently, those â€Å"isms† are at the hands of men and I certainly have a bias towards this, and towards men in general. It’s no accident that I spent an entire year of practicum working solely with women; although it wasn’t a conscious choice, I believe on some level I chose not to work with men. I have incredible biases towards men as perpetrators and oppressors and men and their privilege, African American men as well as Caucasian. These biases keep me terrified at the thought of working with male clients. I imagine heaps and heaps of countertransference between male clients and myself; countertransference that is full of pain and rage. I’m not sure that I have much to offer men inside the therapeutic space. I don’t believe this to be my â€Å"final answer†, I just know that I have some work to do around my relationship with men before I make the leap of working with them in such sacred space. Essentially, it all comes down to two core qualities- and they are humility and flexibility; humility in all that I think I know and the flexibility to shift or discard that knowledge. My experience of working with, knowing, and reading about African American culture, difference, and oppression may or may not serve me as a therapist at any given moment. What works for and makes sense in the context of Client A, may not be so for Client B, and vise versa. Although it is crucial to have fundamental knowledge of the legacy of oppression against African American people and to consider factors such as interdependence, collectivism, and emotional vitality as presumed long- standing black personality traits, I must also be able to draw connections between those factors and the individual experience- much like the womanist techniques mentioned in Carmen Braun Williams’ article African American Women, Afrocentrism and Feminism: Implications for Therapy. As a therapist, I am responsible for guiding and supporting the client in making the shift from object to subject; transferring ownership of self from one whose self is externally determined to one who is self- determining (Freire, 1990). And practice practice practice, with an open heart, ears, and mind. References Braun Williams, C. (1999). African American women, afrocentrism and feminism: Implications for therapy. Women Therapy, Vol. 22(4) 1999. Freire, P. (1990). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum. Sue, D. Sue, D. (2008). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice, Chapter 14.

Violence against women Essay Example for Free

Violence against women Essay Doctors have a big role on violence against women. For example; women are afraid of their husbands and they don’t tell the truth to the doctors. They lie about their injuries. How does the process work in Turkey? The cause of the injuries can be understood by the doctor in the emergency services and the other branches which the victims call upon. The experienced doctors have some methods to determine whether the injury is caused by pounding or a accident. The doctors have a huge role because women are afraid to tell that they are being pounded. However if the victims trust their doctors, they feel much more free to tell their problems. This is valid for all of the doctors but it is more important for the psychiatrist because getting beated is shameful and women are afraid of being isolated from the society. In our society there is a understanding that what happens in the family stays in the family. Therefore even the polices are afraid to interfere. The families hesitate to externalize it because they are afraid of bad reputations. They don’t want to dechiper it. Violence has a contagious side so it is cover by the families to stop it for getting serious. When it is covered, the perpetrators don’t understand the power of the victims. Violence is a act that is applied by the stonger ones to the weaker ones. To feel the weaknesness and the desperation of the weaker ones, provokes the violence. Actually it is a though situation for the perpetrators too. The perpetrator should be examined because getting some help can relax them. For example, a girl and a boy’s mother is being exposed to violence by their father,how does the situation affect the children? It affects them differently. First of when it is examined, it is seen that the perpetrator had eaxposed to violence in the past. For some cases, the perpetrator identifies with their perpetrators. However for some cases, it damages the witness and cause depression and anxiety. Or it causes not physical violence but verbal violence.For example insulting.It is much more difficult to treath.

Basics Of Embedded Systems

Basics Of Embedded Systems The term embedded systems is quite a complex one. Simply put, it is a combination of hardware and software that performs the component of a larger system. A few years ago embedded technology existed in stand alone devices such as vending machines and copiers that did their jobs with little regards for what went on around them. But as technology advance to connect devices to the internet and to each other, the potential of embedded technology has increased. Home appliances, mobile phones, cars, tiny micro chips, avionics etc.., are all using embedded technology. High-profile embedded chips are scaleable, generate small amounts of heat, and consume less power. These are generally preferred for their speed, accuracy and reliability. As they are compact in size and ability to perform time-critical and task specific operators, embedded devices find application in all segments of industrial and commercial market places and home appliances. In recent years,it became apparent that control systems as integral components of larger systems, should be developed and designed concurrently with mechanics, hydraulics, and electronics. It is important that engineers have a good understanding of the implications of software technology embedded into traditional engineering systems. Current machines consist of physical components providing the means and a control system employing those means to fulfill the machines function. Together, they build up the controlled machine, which can also be called an embedded system. . New innovative applications in different areas will make embedded systems as one of the fastest developing technology of the near future. This paper deals with concepts and developments of embedded systems in control of machines and gives a general overview of the basic components of control systems, ranging from sensors to actuators. Embedded Systems An embedded system employs a combination of hardware software (a computational engine) to perform a specific function; is part of a larger system that may not be a computer; works in a reactive and time-constrained environment. Software is used for providing features and flexibility Hardware = {Processors, ASICs, Memory} is used for performance ( sometimes security) The term embedded system can be used for a wide range of applications and devices. A useful definition is not easy to formulate. Boasson mentioned one characteristic that applies to all embedded systems: Neither the computer system without the special environment in which it is embedded, nor the environment without the computer system has any significance in itself. An embedded system employs a combination of hardware software (a computational engine) to perform a specific function; is part of a larger system that may not be a computer; works in a reactive and time-constrained environment. Basics of Embedded systems An embedded systems typically comprises the hardware, embedded RTOS, device drivers, communication stacks and embedded application software. Embedded hardware: The embedded hardware mainly consists of a microcontroller with various peripheral ICs. A fixed size volatile memory such as DRAM or SRAM and non volatile memory such as Flash or EPROM, connected to the microcontroller, are an integral part of the device. Depending on the targeted application of the device, the peripheral can include communication device such as serial controller, Ethernet controller, or a wireless communication controller and other application-specific ICs (ASICs). Many handheld devices these days also have sensors, actuators, keypads and graphical LCD screens as user interfaces. The only way a embedded machine control system can get information about its surroundings, is through the use of sensors and/or sensor systems. Control signals from the embedded control are converted into power and/or movement through Actuators. Sensors: During the past years a shift has taken place from mechanization towards automation. This implies the extensive use of sensors (and actuators) in order to be able to actually control (and influence) the actions that are performed by the controlled system.In principle the task of a sensor is fairly simple. It transforms an input signal that usually is difficult to handle in its original form to a more manageable form. Between input and output of the sensor a number of processes take place to obtain the desired result, as schematically shown in Figure. Actuators: Actuators come in many forms and shapes. They act as the arms and legs of the machine. Actuators convert control signals into power and/or movement,as schematically shown in Figure below. Control signals do not have to be of electrical nature, also other kinds are possible. The power conversion can be done in a number of ways. The most common energy sources for actuators are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Compressed air, pneumatics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pressured oil, hydraulics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Electricity, electro mechanics Embedded RTOS: The concept of real-time operating system (RTOS) is inseparable when we talk about embedded systems. All intelligent devices that perform complex functions have an embedded operating system inside. A real-time operating system (RTOS) is built for specific applications and guarantees response to an external event with in a specified time constraint. This operating system is typically real time in nature, i.e. it is capable of responding deterministically to time-critical external events. For example, when you suddenly apply brakes for your car to avoid an accident, the intelligent gad-get responds immediately. Imagine the plight of a driver if there is no responseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the result is obvious. Device drivers: The lowest-level software that acts as glue between the operating system and the peripheral devices is called the device driver. The device driver software controls every peripheral device that is connected to the micro controller. Communication stacks: If the embedded device is capable of communicating to the external world, it has a communication software stack running on the top of the operating system. In order to connect to the Internet, the embedded device needs a TCP/IP stack. Characteristics of Embedded systems are: Small, low power, high performance Compact efficient use of PCB / IC real-estate Maximum output for minimum size High MIPS to power ratio High bus bandwidth Low interface bottlenecks Advantages: Customization yields lower area, power, cost Disadvantages: Higher HW/software development overhead. Design, compilers, debuggers May result in delayed time to market! Control Systems Control system is the section where the system senses the input by sensors and compares with the internal reference of the system and gives the output obtained through the actuators as shown in figure below. Control systems implementations: Looking at the history of controllers, we can distinguish six types of control systems: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Black box or embedded control à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Relay-based logic control à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Single-board control (SBC) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Programmable control (PLC) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Computer numerical control (CNC) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Distributed control systems (DCS) Black box or embedded control: Embedded control is all around us. More and more household appliances are being designed with some form of embedded control in it. Washing machines, microwave ovens, car radios, cellular phones, VCRs, and digital photo cameras are just a few examples of ordinary devices with embedded control in it. Embedded control is used in product itself, not in the production system with which the products are manufactured. The use of embedded control software enables product designers to design smarter products with a large portion of its functionality embedded in the software of the product. This results in increased product flexibility and the possibility to change or add new functionality without having to redesign the physical product. So, in a way the software has become the product. Relay-based logic control: Before electronic control was developed, relays (as well as pneumatic and hydraulic components) were widely used as control elements. They serve as switching, timing and multiplying mechanisms for input devices such as switches, push buttons, photo-electric sensors, etc. Since the control is hard-wired, flexibility is low and troubleshooting difficult. Today, they are less used in the actual control functions but many control applications use relays in conjunction with the more sophisticated forms of control for isolation and other specialized electromechanical functions. Single-board Control (SBC): Electronic controllers on circuit boards first appeared in the 1960s. The early ones consisted of logic modules with lots of discrete components like transistors, capacitors, resistors, etc. on them with which the desired control functions were implemented. Later on, integrated circuits (LSI, VLSI) are applied. Since no moving parts are used they are inherently more reliable than relay-based control systems. Because they are custom-made, maintenance and repair can be a problem. Many original equipment manufacturers still choose to design their own single-board controllers for their own unique machine applications. Programmable logic controller (PLC): The need for more flexibility in control systems has led to the development of the programmable logic controller, the PLC. In the early seventies, the automotive industry was growing rapidly. In order to be able to react more quickly to a changing demand in the marketplace, one had to have a more flexible, easily adaptable and expandable control system; therefore it had to be a programmable control system. The early PLCs were programmed in so-called relay ladder. Today, high level programming languages like Pascal, C/C++ and even Java are being used to program PLC(-like) systems. Computer Numerical Control (CNC): Essentially, numerical control is nothing more than sending a sequence of commands to a machine, that in turn interprets them and performs the desired movement and machining actions. Before the introduction of NC these commands were issued manually by pressing buttons and switches, turning handwheels, etc. The path information is presented in numeric coordinate values (X, Y, Z), hence the name numerical control. Distributed Control System (DCS): Relay-based control, SBC and PLC are widely used in the discrete production area. The process industry is the domain of distributed control systems, where the number of analog I/O points exceeds the number of discrete I/O points. DCSs are used where the controlled process is continuous, has a high analog content and throughput, is distributed across a large geographical area and where down time is very expensive. Embedded Systems in Control of Machines In early days, the major part of the control was built into the physical machine, using mechanical parts. Although hardware-based control is still widely applied, major developments take place in the field of software-based control. An increasing part of the design process deals with the software of the control system. The development of the microprocessor and subsequent gain in flexibility has contributed a great deal to this Controlled machine Current machines consist of a physical machine providing the means, and a machine control system employing those means to fulfill the machines function. Together, they build up the controlled machine, also called an embedded system. The term embedded system is used for a wide range of applications or devices. The physical machine can be considered to consist of three subsystems: the main structure, actuators and sensors. The main structure physically connects the parts of the two remaining sub systems. The machine control system sends information to the actuators and receives information from the sensors via the I/O-interface. The machine control system can be divided into five functional subsystems: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Regulative control, also referred to as direct control or feedback à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Error-handling control, also referred to as fault detection and isolation (FDI) or exception à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Supervisory control also referred to as logic control. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The data processing subsystem stores and manipulates gathered data. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The user interface subsystem allows the user to interact with the machine-control system. The machine control system can also be regarded as a layered control system, as shown in Figure. The bottom layer interacts directly with the actuators and sensors, that is, the physical machine. Some components are controlled directly (for instance, pneumatic components).Some components are controlled by regulative control (for instance, motorized manipulators) or by both regulative and error-handling control subsystem (for instance, robot arms). Some components are controlled by an error-handling subsystem only (for instance, warning lamps or safety locks). The intermediate layer is involved in scheduling, coordinating control of individual machine components, gathering and processing data, monitoring and compensating possible machine failures, and providing the top layer with the required information on the machine status. The top layer allows the user to interact with and to monitor the machine. Machine control is closely related to manufacturing control. The goal of machine control is to perform certain manufacturing functions in a controlled manner. Machine control enables us to influence production means in such a way that the manufacturing process produces the desired products of the correct quality at the planned time in the required quantity. Over the years, a lot of developments have taken place in production methods, machine design and machine control design. Not surprisingly, they all influence each other. In the route from manual work to automation we can distinguish five phases of mechanization or automation. The meaning of the term phase of mechanization is the extent to which a machine or production system can function independently, without human intervention. Manual labour with tools Specific machines Universal machines Multiple link specific machines Multiple specific Intelligent control In universal machines, control is embedded in the machine itself, through the use of mechanical parts like eccentrics, cams, camshafts, springs, gearboxes, drive axis, etc. The result depends less on the quality of the worker and more on the quality of the machine. To avoid unnecessary delays, attention has to be paid to operating procedures, work preparation, material handling and tool preparation. An example of an embedded control system: Dryer Different sub systems in the dryer are Main structure: The motor Sensors : Temperature sensor, humidity sensor Actuators : Motor driver control, fan control Machine control system : SAB-C504 Examples: Consumer electronics: e.g., cameras, camcorders . Consumer products: e.g., washers, microwave ovens Automobiles (anti-lock braking, engine control ) Industrial process controllers avionics/defense applications Computer/Communication products: e.g., printers, FAX machines Emerging multimedia applications consumer electronics: e.g., cellular phones, personal digital assistants, videoconferencing servers, interactive game boxes, TV set-top boxes Multimedia: Increasing computational demands, and increased reliance on VLSI, HW/SW integration. Embedded software can support such applications as the Internet, e-mail and MP3 decoders etc. They also support sophisticated graphical user interface screens. The automatic DAM DOOR opening systems is a system where the DAM DOORS is controlled on the speed of the raising water. A situation araises where the raising water in the river may be very fast as the rainfall increases. If the river is blocked by a DAM then the speed of the raising water will obviously rise very soon. To prevent this raising and to prevent flooding of the river bank the DAM DOORS has to be opened but with a controlled speed because there is no point on opening the DOOR slowly if the water is raising at a quicker pace. It is a circuit to measure the flow rate of water .Using this device one can determine the total volume of water raised in the river. The instrument is a microcontroller based system. It can have a optional of manual operation. In manual method of measuring the flow rate of water, we need to observe the rise of water in river .As soon as water reaches a fixed point in the river , we press start button on the stopwatch .After the water reaches another fixed point, we need to press stop button on the stopwatch. The observed time and level are used to calculate the flow rate of the water. Flow rate = volume/time But in this procedure there are chances of errors . The device eliminates the errors and has the following features. Automatically senses the level and generates triggering pulses for counting of the elapsed time there by providing basis for calculation of the flow rate of waters. Includes the circuit for digital display of the elapsed time using MICROCONTROLLER as well as a 7-segment display. DESCRIPTION : The circuit can be divided into four blocks ,namely ,sensor ,logic controller ,pulse generator ,switching module. The sensor section for conducting waters: Sensor 1 is permanently connected to circuit ground, while sensors 2 and 3 should/might be connected to positive supply via some pull up resistors. When the water level touches sensor 2 and/or sensor 3, 2 and/or 3 are pulled low towards ground potential. As a MODEL PROJECT we can use small spherical stainless steel probes as sensors and screw the wires coming from the circuit to them . To avoid oxidation and sulphation of the naked portion, we can cover the joints using araldite or any other suitable epoxy compound .For longlife and protection against weather, we can use Teflon-insulated multistrand wires . For proper support wires along with the probes , a PVC support rod may be used for tying the wires to PVC rod to keep them in their proper position. The logical control section: This section might comprises a quad two-input NOR gates. When the water level is so slow that both sensors 2 and 3 are out of the water , the voltage at input of NOR gates may become logic 1 ,while their other input terminals may be logic 0. So the output pins of NOR gates are at logic 0. The output of those/that NOR gates connected to sensor 2 and 3 and the output of those/that NOR gates from sensor 1 are terminated at another NOR gate where in we get logic 0. The logic controling cuircuit is proposed to be designed to give an apropriate logical output acording to the the sensor inputs. The output This final output of the logic control unit is proposed to keep the pulse generator formed by timer IC. It is decided that the timer IC will be 555. When the water level rises to touch sensor 2 the output of the NOR gates combination should be logic 1,which initiates the operation of the pulse generator. When the water level further rises to touch sensor 3, the output of NOR gate will be logic 0, which should be in a position to terminate the operation of the pulse generator. In this way, the pulse generator can be automatically controlled as per other requirement. Pulse generator: Timer IC 555 will be used in out project to generate pulses with pulse recurrence frequency of 1 Hz. The frequency /period of the astable should depend on combination of resistences , capasitences and variable resistences also. The switching section: The switching module is used to make and break switch contacts at 1 Hz rate, using the output of the timer IC555 . This function analogous to pressing/releasing of a push-to -on switch once a second . An optocoupler is proposed to be used for making/breaking contact between to points. Whenever the output of timer IC555 goes high, the optocoupler conducts . this optocoupler is connected to the microcontroller KIT. The road ahead Telematics: The impact of telematics would be really innovative. With access to e-mail the internet, and telephone services, car occupants could shop and bank online, receive traffic and navigation information, and avail of remote diagnostics facilities Automotive electronics: Remember the talking car in the serial knight rider, a fully computerized car capable of doing almost everything a car lover would want to. Seems like a fantasy but the day is not far when almost all automobiles would interact with computers on dash- boards. From ordering a pizza to booking tickets at the nearest theaters, things would be as easy as giving orders to your servant. Whole of which would be possible with embedded systems. Mistral software is in the process of developing text to speech and speech reorganization technologies to give the car occupants the ultimate comfort. Whenever theres a call on your mobile, you need not get jumpy at the very onset of the call. The computer in the cars dashboard would do the job for you. GPS navigation guides you safely through the traffic. The GPS interface in the car pinpoints your exact location on a map. In case GPS signal cant be received due to high density of tall buildings or other magnetic interface, the dead reckoning technique, which works for short durations, guides you effectively. The system is also loaded with GSM/CDMA protocol standards. Biomedical solutions: The biomedical chord developed by mistral is a centrelised patient monitering system that allows remote monitering of up to 32 patients at a given time through a central computer. It can process of maximum of 32 channels usin the state-of-the-art DSP in a PC environment. Economy: The world of embedded systems is a dreamers paradise with unlimited possibilities. According to the global market size for embedded software development alone was $7 billion in 2001, which is expected to reach $20 billion in 2003 and $31 billion by 2005.For India are $400 million. $750 million and $1.1 billion respectively. In India RD in embedded system was worth $1.1 billion in 2001, which would grow to $8 billion by 2008. CONCLUSION: Further more, embedded systems are rapidly becoming a catalyst for change in the computing, data communications, telecommunications, industrial control and entertainment sectors. Automatic systems in any field will be useful and will save the people and organizations. New innovative applications in these as well as other areas will make embedded systems as one of the fastest developing technology of the near future.Thus the embedded system plays an important role in our day today life.

Karl Gauss: Biography :: essays research papers

Karl Gauss: Biography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Karl Gauss lived from 1777 to 1855. He was a German mathematician, physician, and astronomer. He was born in Braunschweig, Germany, on April 30th, 1777. His family was poor and uneducated. His father was a gardener and a merchant's assistant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At a young age, Gauss taught himself how to read and count, and it is said that he spotted a mistake in his father's calculations when he was only three. Throughout the rest of his early schooling, he stood out remarkably from the rest of the students, and his teachers persuaded his father to train him for a profession rather than learn trade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His skills were noticed while he was in high school, and at age 14 he was sent to the Duke of Brunswick to demonstrate. The Duke was so impressed by this boy, that he offered him a grant that lasted from then until the Duke's death in 1806.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Karl began to study at the Collegium Carolinum in 1792. He went on to the University of Gottingen, and by 1799 was awarded his doctorate from the University. However, by that time most of his significant mathematical discoveries had been made, and he took up his interest in astronomy in 1801.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By about 1807, Gauss began to gain recognition from countries all over the world. He was invited to work in Leningrad, was made a member of the Royal Society in London, and was invited membership to the Russian and French Academies of Sciences. However, he remained in his hometown in Germany until his death in 1855. Acomplishments   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During his Teen years, Karl Gauss developed many mathematical theories and proofs, but these would not be recognized for decades because of his lack of publicity and publication experience. He discovered what we now call Bode's Law, and the principle of squares, which we use to find the best fitting curve to a group of observations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Having just finished some work in quadratic residues in 1795, Karl Gauss moved to the University to access the works of previous mathematicians. He quickly began work on a book about the theory of numbers, which is seen as his greatest accomplishment. This book was a summary of the work that had been established up to the time, and contained questions that are still relevant today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While at the University in 1796, he discovered that a 17-sided polygon could be inscribed in a circle with only the tools of a compass and a ruler. This marked the first discovery of Euclidean geometry that had been found in 2000 years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1799, Gauss found and proved a theorem of Algebra that fundamental Karl Gauss: Biography :: essays research papers Karl Gauss: Biography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Karl Gauss lived from 1777 to 1855. He was a German mathematician, physician, and astronomer. He was born in Braunschweig, Germany, on April 30th, 1777. His family was poor and uneducated. His father was a gardener and a merchant's assistant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At a young age, Gauss taught himself how to read and count, and it is said that he spotted a mistake in his father's calculations when he was only three. Throughout the rest of his early schooling, he stood out remarkably from the rest of the students, and his teachers persuaded his father to train him for a profession rather than learn trade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His skills were noticed while he was in high school, and at age 14 he was sent to the Duke of Brunswick to demonstrate. The Duke was so impressed by this boy, that he offered him a grant that lasted from then until the Duke's death in 1806.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Karl began to study at the Collegium Carolinum in 1792. He went on to the University of Gottingen, and by 1799 was awarded his doctorate from the University. However, by that time most of his significant mathematical discoveries had been made, and he took up his interest in astronomy in 1801.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By about 1807, Gauss began to gain recognition from countries all over the world. He was invited to work in Leningrad, was made a member of the Royal Society in London, and was invited membership to the Russian and French Academies of Sciences. However, he remained in his hometown in Germany until his death in 1855. Acomplishments   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During his Teen years, Karl Gauss developed many mathematical theories and proofs, but these would not be recognized for decades because of his lack of publicity and publication experience. He discovered what we now call Bode's Law, and the principle of squares, which we use to find the best fitting curve to a group of observations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Having just finished some work in quadratic residues in 1795, Karl Gauss moved to the University to access the works of previous mathematicians. He quickly began work on a book about the theory of numbers, which is seen as his greatest accomplishment. This book was a summary of the work that had been established up to the time, and contained questions that are still relevant today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While at the University in 1796, he discovered that a 17-sided polygon could be inscribed in a circle with only the tools of a compass and a ruler. This marked the first discovery of Euclidean geometry that had been found in 2000 years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1799, Gauss found and proved a theorem of Algebra that fundamental

Media Essay -- essays research papers

Violence in the Media Violence in the media has been a growing problem ever since the emergence of mass media. One wonders however, how violence has become so prominent in our culture, more so than other countries. More minors are being involved in heinous crimes such as murders and armed robberies. Even play on the school ground is getting rougher. There are many factors that play into the increasing violence, such as over population, religious struggles, and race. One factor that plays into the increase of violence would be mass media. Mass media has the power to reach and influence almost every American. Radio, newspaper, and television are all means by which media reaches people. Television however, can be considered the most influential. Ninety-eight percent of Americans have a television in their household. When it first came out it was considered a novelty, there were only a few channels and the signal was not very clear. Now it is available through air broadcast, cable, or satellite. Television ha s become part of everyday life. With the growing fixation and attraction to violence in the media, children in today’s society are becoming more violent and aggressive than ever before. However, to obtain a true understanding of this problem we must look at all aspect that cause violence, and not just put all of the blame on the media. Nevertheless, we shouldn’t forget the number one violence causing aspect, the media. America was founded upon violence; and we have always been a society of power and control. This land was violently taken away from the American Indians. After this land was civilized, power and control was desired so much so that we rebelled against Great Britain to have this place for ourselves. We rebelled with violence and won. America ever since has always been the best at almost everything. America will achieve this most of the time thru violence. Both world wars and other political conflicts have been won by America using violence. Power achieved thru violence is one of America’s downfalls. People in America have the spirit that this country was founded upon, which has its negative and positive aspects. However, violence is finding its way into out culture everywhere, especially the television. When it comes to children and television, there is much debate. Many argue that television is healthy for children. It opens up th... ...oduction of television (Facts about Media). This only proves that people become more violent from watching television or more immune to it. Many people admitted after September 11th that when they watched the planes crash into the World Trade Centers that they were not fazed. This is because Hollywood has shown things crash and blow up so much that we confuse it with a Hollywood movie. When you watch something so much it becomes a part of your life. You do not know the difference of it being â€Å"real† or just â€Å"TV.† In conclusion, violence in the media has been a growing problem for quite awhile. Mass media has the power to reach and influence almost every American. Radio, newspaper, and television are all means by which media reaches people. Through means of mass media, mostly television, violence is reaching Americas youth and turning our culture into a violent hungry society. Television has great influence on children. It opens their eyes to the world and violence on TV has a devastating effect that continues throughout their adulthood. Even though we can’t blame all of our flaws and problems on the media we should at least focus and fix this problem before too much harm is done.

Psychology and Christianity Essay

An integrative approaches to Psychology and Christianity by David Entwistle explains the fundamental question whether Christians can take a place in psychology. By marrying both scientific and theological disciplines, the author takes a stand to argue that psychology and Christianity can help an individual to serve the Lord within the parameters of duty to love. In this book, Entwistle gives a concise understanding for the interplay between theology and science by taking us through the historical analysis of psychology and how it explains how individuals have their characteristics, qualities and talents which help them serve God and society (p 35-37). Arguably, a person cannot be an effective psychologist without the basis of what is right with is captured in Christianity as a moral concept. With regard to these, our society is shaped by history as well as environment. The knowledge we acquire throughout our existence is inspired by our past experiences. Significantly, Christianity has facilitated how we structure our mindsets over various moral issues in the society. To bridge the gap between Christianity and psychology, Entwistle argues that there are five important paradigms that show the interplay between theology and psychology. This includes spies, enemies, neutral parties, colonialists as well as allies as elements serving ones master called sovereign (p39). The argument presented by Entwistle articulates the concept that psychology resembles theology in line with goals and serve fundamental human purposes of improving as well as giving meaning to the life of a human being. The two disciplines revolves around human functioning and nature hereby, an integrative approach to psychology and Christianity underscores that when it comes to dealing with human life and truth, there should be a unified approach that uses both secular and sacred elements of thinking. With regard to these, both psychology and Christianity need to be integrated because life at large revolves around helping others with issues that promote quality lives and harmony in the society. Critical and Concrete Responses After reading an integrated Approach to Psychology and Christianity, I was led to thinking that the understanding of God and psychology relates coherently to the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. I agree with the argument because my experiences in the past have acquired as a result of my environment and needs as a human being which moves closer to the relevance of psychology in the life of human beings. Similarly, the feeling of self-actualization is realized through a Christian’s association with God through divine moment of prayer, fellowship and engagement in charitable works because the Bible stipulates that such gestures will grant one an eternal life. On the same note, psychology understands that self actualization is a need that must be met after all the other seven basics ones have been met. Entwistle asserts that both eternal life and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs portend single ideas of achieving in life and feeling the sense of achievement. The truth revealed in the word of God and the various works of Jesus Christ as well as the Christian ministry is something that is characterized in my life. Arguably, life revolves around all these and it is somehow impossible to separate it from life in a Christian perspective. Equally, my life experiences have led me to conclude that certain things in life should be done in my own way. Accordingly, there are many times I have learnt from my experience and have faced many consequences as a result of my choices. In view of this, Entwistle asserts that doing things the way we want articulate the psychological belief of emotions, socialization, intelligence and human needs. However, this argument raises the question of conflicting forces between our beliefs and human desires. As Christianity stipulates how we should behave in line with morality, psychology justifies why we must attend to our human desires. As such, an integration approach to life should cover both Christian teachings and the sentiments echoed by psychologists (pg 59-63). I was a temperamental person who for years reprimanded people for wronging me. Although I justified my case by arguing that I respect my feelings and that is me, God called upon me to change my temperament by managing anger so that I can accommodate others. God’s intervention in this case harmonized how I lead my life because; I was able to strike a balance between my religious beliefs and human desires. Most significantly, managing a balance, or rather moving my hot tempers to reasonable levels necessitated the intervention of counseling services. Accordingly, I embarked on regular counseling with gave me an insight on how to understand other and tune my emotions to the levels that accommodate others feelings. This way, the book an integrated approach to psychology and Christianity, underscores the importance o integrate theology and psychology. Somehow, psychology helps Christians to understand their human face and through services such as psychotherapy, counseling, a Christian will be able to moderate the psyche of the soul as well as the soul of psychology. Personal Reflection Although Entwistle advocates for s linkage in the two disciplines and goes ahead to propose that Christians should integrate science theology in viewing issues of life, it becomes critical to the Christians because one question that is raised is how can Christians be motivated to use psychotherapy and counseling services as a way of integrating psychology and Christianity. Entwistle asserts that moral concepts of live are well explained in Christian doctrines and through psychology, such moral doctrines can be well explained and a Christian will consciously understand the essence of being a Christian. However, the book fails to recommend how counseling can be promoted and how psychotherapy and other psychological services can be enshrined in the Christian education. Accordingly, the question of how we as Christians should accomplish the goal of promoting the integration of science to theology takes the center stage of the entire debate that Entwistle engages in concerning reaping the full benefits of integrating psychology and Christianity. Arguably, Entwistle uses words that further complicate the message of integrative approach to psychology and Christianity. In essence, this makes it difficult for an average reader to appreciate the information being conveyed let alone retention. In addition, it plausible to note that as a reader I found it hard to grasp the interests as well as concept of integrating psychology and Christianity because of the fact that the book is written broad view hence it seems to argue in circles around the importance of using both psychology and Christians teaching. Recommended Action Owing to this weakness of language and jumping around ideas, there are measures that can be taken to help us benefit from the Christian psychological integration. Advising others on how to benefit from counseling will form the fundamental action that spearhead the campaign for integrating Christianity and psychology. In this view, sharing some of my experiences with regard to how I have benefited from counseling to succeed in my Christian faith and life at large will work in helping in the whole initiative of promoting such kind of integration. If possible, all counselors who happen to be Christians should uses their positions to root the belief of integrating Christianity and psychology into other Christians and equally work with other counselors to devise methods of overcoming challenges that may come with their initiatives. At the same time, the basis of my intervention will revolve around moral maturity. As such, it is recommended that encourage Christians to search for the truth and thus understand for themselves how best they can use psychology to succeed in their lives and Christian works. In a nutshell, Entwistle espouses that it is only through a concise integration of both science and theology that Christians will embrace the concept of togetherness. In other words, they will understand how humans functions and thus structure their spiritual beliefs in a realist way to avoid the self conflict that is always inherent among many believers. Psychology signifies the many teachings that are typical to Christianity such as values. Reference Entwistle, D. (2004). Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christian. New York: Wipf & Stock Publishers

Residential School System

NATI 3116EL – Aboriginal People and the Criminal Justice System Final Research Paper Residential School System & Intergenerational Impact The purpose of residential schooling was to assimilate Aboriginal children into mainstream Canadian society by disconnecting them from their families and communities and severing all ties with languages, customs and beliefs (Chansoneuve, 2005).The following paper with depict the history behind residential schools, the varying schools across Canada, the intergenerational impact and influence the residential school system had issues such as alcoholism, family violence, substance abuse, lack of education, the increasing crime rate and the role of the Criminal Justice System in Canada. In addition to, what the government has accomplished in terms of compensation for the suffering that occurred.The Aboriginal Healing Foundation defines residential schools as being industrial schools, boarding schools, homes for students, hostels, billets, residen tial schools, residential schools with a majority of day students, or a combination of any of the above by which attended by Aboriginal students (Chansoneuve, 2005). Children were taken away from their families and reserves and put in these schools whereby they were taught shame and rejection for everything about their heritage, including their ancestors, families, languages, beliefs and cultural traditions.Many of these students were not only disconnected from their families but also sexually and physically abused and often by multiple authoritative figures and many for a long duration of their stay. The Aboriginal Healing foundation classified the cultural disconnection, cultural shame and trauma as a cultural genocide. The unresolved trauma and exploitation that occurred in these schools has now directly contributed to the problems that Aboriginal people face today.In 1845 the Canadian government proposed a report to the legislative assembly of Upper Canada that recommended that boarding schools be set up to educate Indian children across Canada (Chansoneuve, 2005). The superintendent of Indian affairs agreed but also suggested that there be a partnership between the government and the church to create a schooling system of a religious nature. However, it was not until 1863 that the first Roman Catholic residential school were to be established at St. Mary’s Mission in British Columbia by Oblate Father Florimond Gendre.In 1879 Nicholas Flood Davin was sent to the United States by Prime Minister John A. Macdonald to investigate and report on Indian industrial training schools. Within his report he recommended that funding off-reserve boarding schools to teach children the skills needed in the modern Canadian economy and the government to therefore consider boarding schools rather than day schools. He classified them as residential schools, and deemed them to be more successful because they could completely remove the children from their â€Å"evil su rroundings† (Barnes, Cole & Josefowitz, 2006).From then on until 1969, the partnership between the government of Canada and the churches continued in all provinces except New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island. Conversely, the last residential school in Canada did not close until 1996, and it was not until then that the government of Canada assumed all responsibility for the schools and the intergenerational trauma they produced. The aggressive assimilation of the residential schools would remove Aboriginal children from their homes because the government felt that children were easier to mould and prepare for mainstream society than adults.In 1920, Canada amended the Indian Act, making it obligatory for Aboriginal parents to send their children between the ages of seven and fifteen years who is physically able to Indian residential schools (Joseph, 2002). Attendance was mandatory and by 1931 80 schools were in operation across Canada and about 150,000 Aboriginal , Inuit, and Metis children had been removed from their communities and forced to reject and disconnect from their heritage (CBC News, June 14, 2010).Overall 130 schools were established across the country between the 19th century until 1996, where native children were discouraged from speaking their first language and practicing their native traditions and if caught would experience severe punishment (CBC News, June 14, 2010). The cultural racism of the Residential School era resulted in the legacy of cultural harm, which is the breakdown of the spiritual, moral, physical, and emotional health and fabric of Indigenous people (Fontaine, 2002).Not only was there a negative intergenerational impact on Aboriginal peoples but also in the early 1900’s the death rate of Indigenous children at these schools was a high seventy five percent (Fontaine, 2002). Many Aboriginal therapists and frontline workers describe the abuse that took place within the residential schools as ritualized abuse such as repeated, systematic, sadistic and humiliating trauma to the physical, spiritual and/or emotional health of a person that may utilize techniques such as conditioning, mind control, degradation, omnipotence and torture (Chansonneuve, 2005).In addition to the contemporary trauma caused by ritualized abuse, Indigenous children suffered sexual and physical abuse. Many survivors as high as 50% of them, do not remember the abuse until years after it has occurred and something in adulthood triggers the memory. The constant abuse and dehumanizing Aboriginal people faced has lead to several negative impacts in the present time.Many suffer from alcohol and substance abuse, sexual and physical abuse at home or within the community, poverty, discrimination and in some instances Indigenous people who have been affected by the residential schools have committed suicide. Psychological and emotional abuses were constant: shaming by public beatings of naked children, vilification of n ative culture, constant racism, public strip and genital searches, withholding presents and letters from family, locking children in closets and cages, segregation of sexes, separation of brothers and sisters, proscription of native languages and spirituality. Schissel & Wotherspoon, 2003). In addition, the schools were places of severe physical and sexual violence such as sexual assaults, forced abortions of staff-impregnated girls, needles were inserted into the tongue for speaking a native language, burning, scalding, beating until unconsciousness and/or inflicting permanent injury (Schissel & Wotherspoon, 2003).Children attending residential schools across Canada also endured electrical shock, force-feeding of their own vomit when they were sick, exposure to freezing outside temperatures, withholding of medical attention when needed, shaved heads which was classified as a cultural and social violation, starvation as a punishment, forced labour in unsafe work situations, intentio nal contamination with diseased blankets, insufficient food for basic nutrition and/or spoiled food.Reports have estimated that as many as 60% of the students died as a result of illness, beatings, attempts to escape, or suicide while in the schools (Joseph, 2002). According to Edwards et al two thirds of the last generation to attend residential schools has not survived because many fell victim to violence, accidents, addictions and suicide (Edwards, Smith & Varcoe, 2005). Today the children and grandchildren of those who attended residential schools live with the same legacy of broken families, lost culture and broken spirit because of the discrimination and trauma they are faced with every day.Many families have become caught in the downward spiral of addiction, violence and poverty. Several individuals have described leaving home as a preteen or teenager to escape the chaos and interpersonal violence in their family, home and community. Several individuals have had to drop out o f school to look for work, whereby they only find unskilled or seasonal jobs and inadequate housing (Edwards et al, 2005).Nowadays many aboriginal parents who suffered from the residential schools have a hard time being interested in their children’s education because of the violence and abuse that had taken place but also the poor curriculum they were taught (Barnes, Cole, & Josefowitz, 2006). A positive relationship between families and schools is now understood to support the growth and development of students academically, behaviourally and socially (Barnes et al, 2006).Therefore, aboriginal students are at an increased risk for academic, behavioural and social difficulties because of the degradation their families and communities faced. Without the proper support and understanding of Aboriginal children’s needs when dealing with their education, the downward spiral of poverty, inadequate housing, unemployment, substance and alcohol abuse and overrepresentation in the criminal justice system continues to affect Aboriginal people.One main similarity between the residential school system and our current system and our society today is the unremitting discrimination towards Aboriginal people. The truancy and dropout rate for Aboriginal students is high because early school leaving is commonly associated with a long process of student disengagement associated with unfavourable school experiences (Barnes et al, 2006).The residential school system stands as a reminder of the long-term impacts of school policy, funding, staffing and staff training on students’ education and later life prospects because without adequate resources the intergenerational impacts of residential schools will continue to have negative effects on Aboriginal families and communities (Barnes et al, 2006). The intergenerational impacts of the residential school system such as alcoholism, poverty and violence has lead to an overrepresentation of Aboriginal people in the criminal justice system.Resources are needed in communities to cope with addictions, domestic violence, but also crime prevention measures must be taken to eliminate and reduce poverty and other causes of crime. It has been acknowledged that the legacy of discrimination towards Aboriginal peoples is one of the reasons they are overrepresented in the system and therefore the courts must address this issue when dealing with sentencing. The Gladue decision is an important turning point in the criminal justice system when dealing with Aboriginal offenders.Healing is an Aboriginal justice principle that is slowly becoming a part of the justice system through the practice of circle sentencing and community based diversion programs. The Gladue case has provided the notion that every judge must take into consideration the healing principle when dealing with Aboriginal offenders, in order to build a bridge between his or her unique personal and community background experiences and criminal j ustice. Many Aboriginal offenders are survivors of the residential schools or have been influenced by the trauma caused to their family members or community.The government of Canada imposed section 718. 2 of the Criminal Code of Canada to help sentence Aboriginal offenders because of the harm that they have faced in relation to offenders of other ethnicities. Section 718. 2 is as follows: A court that imposes a sentence shall also take into consideration the following principles: (e) all available sanctions other than imprisonment that are reasonable in the circumstances should be considered for all offenders, with particular attention to the circumstances of Aboriginal offenders. Many of he offences that are committed by Aboriginal peoples today are non-violent offences such as property crime and substance related offences. When dealing with Aboriginal offenders and sentencing judges must take into consideration the history, culture and experiences of discrimination that Indigenous people in Canada have faced, more time must be spent on the sentencing process to ensure a more restorative approach to better heal and rehabilitate the offender and the community and alternatives to incarceration must be taken into consideration to help the offender, victim, families and communities heal (McCaslin, 2005).On the other hand, the criminal justice system personnel have also begun to recognize the number of Aboriginal offenders who suffer from FASD and how the â€Å"mentally disordered offender† with FASD creates particular problems for the assumption by the legal system of innocence until proven guilty. For example offenders may plead guilty as a part of a plea bargaining however they do not understand that they legal process or do not feel as though did committed an illegal offence.Therefore the mens rea is not present if the offender genuinely felt as though they did nothing wrong because they could not understand the consequences due to a mental illness. The Canadian government has taken responsibility for the systematic discrimination that took place within the residential schools and the trauma and intergenerational impacts that has occurred. In 2007, the federal government formalized a $1. 9-billion compensation package for those who were forced to attend residential schools (CBC News, June 14, 2010).Common Experience Payments were made available to all residential schools students who were alive as of May 30, 2005. Former students were eligible for $10,000 for the first year or part of a year they attended school, plus $3,000 for each subsequent year (CBC News, June 14, 2010). Remaining money from the $1. 9-billion compensation package was to be given to foundations that support learning needs of current Aboriginal students.As of April 15, 2010 a reported $1. 55 billion had been paid which represented 75,800 cases in Canada (CBC News, June 14, 2010). Other than compensation apologies were made through the Catholic Church which over saw three-quarters of Canadian residential schools. Appologies were also made by the Canadian government, Pope Benedict XVI, Archbishop Michael Peers on behalf of the Anglican Church, the Presbyterian Church and the United Church of Canada.In conclusion, no matter how much compensation is paid or however many apologies are made it does not make up for the trauma, suffering, and systematic discrimination that Aboriginal people have faced because of the residential schools which has lead to alcoholism and substance abuse, poverty, inadequate housing, inadequate education and unemployment and this disconnection with their culture and community. References Barnes, R. (2006).Residential Schools: Impact on Aboriginal Student’s Academic and Cognitive Development. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 21 (1/2), 18-32. * An academic article that describes the affects of poor curriculum, lack of resources, lack parental involvement in education, and discrimination within the residenti al schools system. Bracken, D. C. (2008). Canada’s Aboriginal People, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome & the Criminal Justice System. British Journal of Community Justice, 21-33. An academic article that describes the relationship between FASD, Aboriginal offenders and the Criminal Justice System in Canada and how it may lead to and effect guilty pleas CBC News (2010, June, 14). A History of Residential Schools in Canada. CBC News Canada. Retrieved from: http://www. cbc. ca/news/canada/story/2008/05/16/f-faqs-residential-schools. html * Depicts the history of residential schools in Canada and the steps Canada has taken to heal the relationship between the government and Aboriginal people.Chansonneuve, D. (2005). Reclaiming Connections: Understanding Residential School Trauma Among Aboriginal People. Ottawa: Aboriginal Healing Foundation. * Provides a timeline as to when the first residential school was established comparative to the last and the harm that occurred within the schools. E dwards, N. , Smith, D. , & Varcoe, C. (2005). Turning Around the Intergenerational Impact of Residential Schools on Aboriginal People: Implications for Health Policy and Practice. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 37 (4), 38-60. An academic journal that acknowledges the intergenerational impacts that the residential school system has produced in terms of health effects and abuse. Fontaine, L. S. (2002). Canadian Residential Schools: The Legacy of Cultural Harm. Indigenous Law Bulletin, 5 (17), 4. * An article that goes through the history of the Canadian residential schools and the cultural harm that was produced in terms of first, second and third generational impacts. Joseph, R. (2002, March). Indian Residential School Survivors Society. Retrieved from: http://www. irsss. a/index-new. html * A website that goes over the history of residential schools and the current resources provided for the survivors of the systematic discrimination and abuse. LaPrarie, C. (1990). The Role o f Sentencing in the Over-representation of Aboriginal People in Correctional Institutions. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 32, 429-440. * An academic journal which goes through the reasonings behind overrepresentation of Aboriginal peoples in the criminal justice system in relation to the influence of residential schools and an increased crime rate.McCaslin, W. (2005) Justice as Healing: Indigenous Ways. Canada: Living Justice Press * Reading on pages 280-296 which deals with restorative justice and the sentencing of Aboriginal offenders in relation to the Gladue case. Schissel, B. & Wotherspoon, T. (2003). The Legacy of School for Aboriginal People: Education, Oppression & Emancipation. Canada: Oxford University Press * A book about the negative influences of residential schools and the determinants of successful schooling. Also