Jim Crow Segregation in Mississippi Research Paper

Jim Crow Segregation in Mississippi - Research Paper Example The African-Americans were reduced to second class citizens. The churches claimed the whites were the chosen people and the blacks were cursed to be servants for white people. This implied that God supported segregation. The newspapers referred to blacks as Niggers, darkies, coons and even the articles and games played by children were stereotypic. Violence was used to maintain the blacks at the bottom of the hierarchy. The segregation rules came to ultimate end in 1965 when every individual was allowed full rights. This included voting but after a long tussle and struggle by the rights activists which included the civil war between the federation and the southern states (Kay 210). Essie’s family lived in a shack with two rooms. The shack was not enough for them and the conditions were dilapidating. The parents tried to make it comfortable by decorating it using mismatched wall papers with cardboard pieces stacked in the numberless cracks on the walls. The state of the house w as a clear example of the real conditions that the blacks in the southern states like Mississippi lived. The kids stayed alone at home because the parents stayed in the fields working for their white master all day. However, the wages were not even enough to fend the small families. This situation is aggravated by burning of the shack by Ed who was left to look after Essie and her siblings. Thereafter, Mae is blamed for the tragedy and thoroughly beaten (Moody 167). Mae’s father used his free time gambling although it was very difficult. This made him see another mulatto woman thus, a second marriage. Therefore, Mae was left alone to fend for the family. Later, the family decided to move to a house near a swamp. The place had several snakes which occasionally sneaked into the house. Mae’s mother was now working at a cafe for the blacks. She discovered that the place was not safe however; they could not find another cheap place to stay. They were living in such places a s a result of poverty. This poverty is aggravated by the fact that the blacks in Mississippi were discriminated in employment opportunities and land ownership. Due to the situation that Mae, Adline and Junior were facing, they yearned to ride bikes just like the other kids. They were segregated and they only had a chance to sit on the trench which indicated the level of poverty that the family had. Raymond builds a house for the family which lacks an indoor plumbing although it had water line. Mae believes that they were entitled to everything which could make them comfortable. This is evident as Mama and Essie Mae goes to the market to buy wallpapers for their new house. They also manage to purchase furniture as Essie proposes that they would buy a white post bed just like the one she had seen at Miss Ola’s place where she worked for an extra coin (Kay 178). Therein, she is reminded by the mother not to ape the whites. Her mother reiterates that she was influenced by the Cla iborne family where she spent most of the time working Raymond’s buys an old Mule to use in tilling a rented strip of land. This implied that the family was very poor and could not afford to purchase a young one which was more expensive. The piece of land that Raymond rented was very cheap and unused because he found a grenade which rendered the farm desolate and dangerous. This meant that the family could not afford to buy a piece of land. Furthermore, they could not afford to rent a more productive and safe land. The African-Americans could only

Irish Stereotyping In The Late 1800’s Essay Example for Free

Irish Stereotyping In The Late 1800’s Essay Published in Puck, America’s first successful comedic magazine containing several types of cartoons, on June 26, 1889 a cartoon entitled â€Å"The Mortar Of Assimilation And The One Element That Just Won’t Mix† clearly shows an Irishman rebelling against the rest of the American crowd with a knife in his hand, expressing violence, and possibly alcoholism. Through further research I found that how poorly the Irish were treated during this time period. The cartoon â€Å"The Mortar Of Assimilation And The One Element That Just Won’t Mix† expresses the idea Irishmen just do not belong in America, despite the several other races intertwined into our country. This cartoon brings me to the question; Why? Why were the Irish labeled as such outcasts? I have discovered three main reasons to answer this question: The Irish were labeled as violent, drunk, and having strange religious views. One clear reason the Irish were labeled as outcasts is because of the violence they were stereotyped to portray. The Irishman holding the knife in the cartoon is a perfect example of this. The Fenian brotherhood was a group with one main goal to obtain all freedom and become an independent republic of Ireland. For many played the role of motivation in emigrating to the United States, played a large role in this stereotype. One article in particular, entitled â€Å"The Fenians In Ireland† published in The New York Observer And Chronicle on November 23, 1895, articulates a perfect example of the violence portray by the Fenian brotherhood. It wrote: â€Å"The Derry Journal contains the following account of a sense of terror and alarm which occurred in a quiet village, but a few evenings since in consequence of a farmer of reliable veracity knocking up his sleepy neighbors to defend their homes and their firesides against a host of bloodthirsty, who were in march for their well-stocked farmyards. After some delay a great number of the male inhabitants were brought together in a truly warlike style†¦. The supposed Fenians had disappeared leaving the mangled remains of one of their companions behind them.† Another reason the Irish were labeled as outcasts is because of their religion. At this point in history America was made up of mostly Protestants, however the majority of the Irish emigrants were Catholic. Most Irish children were put into parochial schools and religion was placed as a big priority in their lives. The Irish held on tightly to their religious ways, a main reason being that was the one thing that still tied them to their homeland. Roman â€Å"Catholic priests denounce the common schools, and set up their protests in the form of un-American parochial schools.† (The Methodist Review, 5 January 1889) Americans refused to accept this religion due to the differences in their beliefs and practices. Today, Catholicism is one of the United States’ most common religions, with much thanks due to the Irish emigration. . Catholics also weren’t able to run for any political office, so that ruled out most of the Irish population for a great while, until the Know Nothing Act took place and the United States was able to look past religion. â€Å"The curse of the Irishman in America is strong drink.† (The Chautauquan, 8 October 1887) Drinking was a big part of Irish cultures. Even wakes were associated with alcohol due to the celebration of the deceased’s life. Americans feared their mostly Protestant nation would soon die out if the mostly Catholic Irish all emigrated to the United States, another reason why the Irish were not treated fairly. Not only were the Irish viewed as hot-headed violent, people with strange religious views, they were also known to be unskilled and drunk. Americans viewed Irish as alcoholics due to the drinking that is weaved into their culture and ways of living. Much like our culture does today, Irish drank in several difference social settings, although the y did drink alcohol at someone’s wake before the funeral, which may have been what disgusted Americans the most. Americans saw alcohol has ruling over the Irish and they were merely the slaves. One should also note, this was during the time of the ban of alcohol in the United States, so to see one consuming alcohol at such high rates was highly alarming and it would not be long for one to create a bad reputation because of something so simple. Due to this, Americans also stereotyped the Irish to be unskilled and lazy, at times signs were even put into windows stating things such as, â€Å"Irish need not apply.† At this point in history, Irish were viewed much similarly to African Americans when it came to respect. Over time, the Irish were able to keep their customs without encountering further confrontation, and the United States was able to run as one country under many different religions and customs as it does today. Catholics were able to run for office and Catholicism soon became one of the United States’ top most common religions. The Irish were looked down upon by Americans for three main reasons; they were stereotyped to be violent, drunk, and had different religious views which were frowned upon by the Americans. The Fenian brotherhood played a big role in the Irish being stereotyped as violent. At times, it is possible Irishmen were stereotyped to be violent because they were also known to be drunks. The Irish were known to be drunks because of the drinking that is associated with their culture. The Irish emigration to America had a lasting effect on everyone that was a part of the country, without the Irish emigration to the United States, America would not be what it is today, with a beautiful mix of races, religions, and beliefs.

The Concept of the Digital Marketing

The Concept of the Digital Marketing Digital marketing is the very innovative and novel concept in the 21st century. Through this form of media products and services are promoted with the use of database-driven online distribution channels to reach consumers in an appropriate, significant, individual, and lucrative manner. The term digital marketing has not any specific definition or meaning but it can be well explained with the examples such as emails, online advertisements, pay per clicks, wireless text messages, instant messages, RSS, blogging, fax, video streams, podcasting, broadcast, etc. All these examples are included in the definition of digital marketing. Apart from its inclusive list, there are few traditional forms of marketing which are not included in the term of digital marketing. They are TV, radio, print and billboard as they are not the instant or quick forms of marketing. It means with these forms of marketing the advertiser could not get the immediate response from the end consumers. The traditional forms of marketing could not give the accurate number of responders. Perhaps, there is a little improvement has achieved with the devices such as TiVo which records the statistics like website but, still the desirable result has not gained. Nevertheless, this became possible with the introduction of digital marketing. Digital marketing has become so powerful network of advertising, that with the introduction of Double click strategy of Google for internet, the world has become very close linking to each and every place conveniently. With the help of digital marketing, campaigns for promoting any product through internet has become very cost-effective and convenient. With the feature digital technology, in digital marketing, the advertiser easily comes to know how many times and how long the campaign has been showed on internet, also it comes to know how many people have seen this campaign, how many responses have received, and how many purchases have been made though online mode. With this fast-end technology, marketing of any particular products becomes easier, the consumers convenience become possible and the organization makes huge profits, too. The improved versions of these digital marketing are broadband internet, Wi-Fi network, and mobile phone access. The usage of these techniques has drastically increased, worldwide. The web usage has increased 10% all over the world, from January 09 to January 10, as per the recent report. The attitude of management has changed. From traditional form of advertising, they have shifted to the digital marketing. Billions of dollars have been spent by organizations on digital marketing for promotion of their ad campaigns. They are taking huge benefits out of digital marketing and earning high revenues. Critical analysis of audit findings, using relevant diagrams and appropriate models to support analysis From the audit it is found that AECOM has considered for brand repositioning for its short term marketing project through digital marketing with Yahoo! Answers. But, AECOM has not considered any particular brand repositioning strategy for that. AECOM needs to consider the proper brand repositioning strategy for successful results in digital marketing. The strategy for AECOM can be New Logo and Tagline. AECOM is into financial and management services over the last 20 years but, during that period AECOM has not considered for brand repositioning. Now, if it has decided for it, then the best strategy for AECOM is new logo and tagline. AECOM should come up with new taglines such as Finest Service Provider, or Services Delivered. Anywhere. Anytime., or Leaders in Service Delivery. Along with its tagline, AECOM also can change its logo. By adopting any of the tagline, the scenario of consumers may change and consumers feel free to contact AECOM at any point of time. The tagline itself shou ld look so attractive that more and more consumers can be fascinated towards AECOMs services. Apart from this, AECOM has considered Yahoo Answers for its digital marketing promo. But, in the market there are various digital marketing services providers are available such as Google, Hotmail, Face book, You Tube, etc. The cost of services of all these service providers should also be considered, the quality of their services should be checked, the further discounts in finalizing the particular services should be checked and only after that the decision should be taken whether the particular service provider is economic in cost or not. AECOM should have to consider Face book for undertaking digital marketing project for brand repositioning. Over 400 millions of users the website has over socialized. AECOM could be able to take benefit out of it in fascinating more consumers towards its brand. The below diagram shows that the use of Face book has increased to that extent, if any company selects this digital marketing media for promo then definitely it will remain beneficial from the view point of growth, development, revenue, publicity, and of course profits. Facebook The use of social media for digital marketing is more compared to other websites which can be proved with the following diagram. If AECOM could have undertaken the brand repositioning through social media digital marketing, then the chances of its promo would be higher compared to Yahoo! Answers. AECOM is specifically into financial and management services to valued consumers. For further growth and development purposes, AECOM should consider the policy of diversification into new business segments such as AECOM should enter the new business of aviation industries or automobile industry for manufacturing of luxurious cars. A business case, with justification, including a cost benefit analysis, for the short term marketing project and show how the marketing project will support the delivery of the organizations marketing strategy Even though, AECOM is on number one position in providing financial services and management services to consumers, to survive in a huge market competition, brand repositioning of AECOM through innovation and technology via digital marketing is must. To maintain the market share and its position in the market, AECOM needs to consider brand repositioning. But, along with brand repositioning, the fear of high costs and high risks are increased with launching of new brand. As per Biel, brand positioning is building or (rebuilding) an image for a brand. Brand repositioning is nothing but managing the existing brand in better and advanced ways. Repositioning helps in introducing new opportunities and market changes. While going with the brand repositioning, there are certain risks factors which need to be considered. While brand repositioning, there is a high risk of losing trustworthiness and consistency of consumers. Because, it may become possible that many consumers are not aware of brand repositioning strategy of a company. During the period, if any consumer contacts through website, and the logo, tagline, advertisement, etc. changes, then consumers fall in the twisted atmosphere whether to contact or not. As per few analysts, the successful brand repositioning is impossible because during the repositioning period, most of the loyal consumers shift to other brands. The basic aim of brand repositioning is safeguarding and improving brand equity to un derstand the better vibrant of it. Repositioning of brand is modification of something which already exists in the market and the minds of consumers. Brand repositioning represents uniqueness in the companys existing products and services. Repositioning strategy exist in three stages known as introductory stage, elaboration stage, and fortification stage. The stages can be explained in the below diagram: Diagram 1: Stages in brand strategy development Selecting Appropriate Marketing mix Establishing the Brand proposition Rolling out the Strategy Introductory Stage Elaboration Stage Fortification Stage Modifying the Proposition Repositioning Updating the personality Repositioning helps in moving the organization to a newer and more attractive position than before. The objective of this movement depends from organization to organization. It differs particularly for the sake of understanding what the company wants to achieve. In case of AECOM, the company wants to become innovative in terms of technology and designing to the extent possible compared to its competitors. The brand positioning helps company in taking to the higher position than before. This can be explained with below diagram: Diagram 2: The principle of repositioning New Position Price Previous Position Experienced quality As the organization shifts to new position after brand repositioning, the company tries to meet the new demands of consumers, newer and stronger arguments of consumers by convincing them to stay as loyal. To achieve the benefits out of brand repositioning such as better value, relevant status in the market, great image, updated personality, etc. AECOM needs to undertake a four-phased brand repositioning approach which is as follows; Phase 1: Determining the current status of the brand Phase 2: What does the Brand stand for today? Phase 3: Developing the brand positioning platforms Phase 4: Refining the brand positioning and management presentation. Now, combining this repositioning strategy with digital marketing approach, the more accurate results will be delivered for AECOM. For this purpose, the Yahoo! Answers should reach beyond its pure online territory and initiate this conversation. For digital marketing of AECOMs brand repositioning campaign on Yahoo!, AECOM should conduct the following activities: Stage 1: On-ground video shoot of consumers At this stage, AECOM should visit major 3 countries UAE, USA, and UK. The campaign should be conducted for three days in each of the countries at well-known places asking questions to consumers about AECOMs brand repositioning event. While conducting this event, 5 questions to be asked to all respondents provided by the AECOM. All the answers to the above questions should be captured on the video and must post to the Yahoo! Answer. The response to the event will show that, whether AECOM has got tremendous response than expected or not and the target is achieved properly or not. Stage 2: Posting all the responses on Yahoo! The second stage in digital marketing for AECOM brand repositioning campaign is posting the responses on Yahoo! Answers. Accordingly, the top 50 answers from the list should be uploaded on Yahoo! Answers with AECOM brand. On each page total 10 answers to be displayed with AECOM promotional video. This can make it possible that users or consumers may watch the video responses posted on the website or answer the questions themselves which can foster more responses in the future. Stage 3: Promoting all the responses on Yahoo! All the questions selected should be posted on Yahoo! Answers for more promotion and advertising to create awareness amongst consumers about AECOMs brand repositioning strategy. For this promotion through digital media networking AECOM may get huge response. The strategy can be used here by AECOM and Yahoo!, is for every response to an answer the promo will be added more for 12 minutes which is the highest time given by Yahoo! Other than these responses, the other creative promos can also be added by AECOM on Yahoo! These creative promos include The promo of AECOMs featured services on Yahoo! Homepage The promo of AECOMs video answers on Yahoo! Homepage These promos are covered not only on Yahoo! Homepage but also on Messengers, E-mails, Answers and Groups. Stage 4: Invite maximum users to give their views and ask questions related to the AECOMs brand repositioning. The final stage in successful digital marketing campaign of AECOMs brand repositioning with Yahoo!, is invitation to maximum users to give their views about AECOMs financial and management services to others or those who are not aware about AECOM. Also, this stage includes the questions about AECOMs brand repositioning. The trusted consumers those have queries why AECOM is carrying brand repositioning, they can post the related questions on Yahoo!, and they may get the reasonable answers to their questions by responsible management team of AECOM through Yahoo! Answers. Accordingly, the promo of AECOMs brand repositioning can be conducted successfully via Yahoo! Answers with the expected unbelievable result. Cost-benefit analysis for the short term marketing project The cost-benefit analysis for AECOMs brand repositioning campaign in the context of digital marketing through Yahoo! Answers is highly depends upon the expected benefits out of it over its cost. Cost-benefit analysis (COBA) is a technique where the assessment of monetary social costs and benefits of any specified capital project is conducted over a given period of time. In case of this short term marketing project of AECOMs brand repositioning, if the benefits out of digital marketing are expected to be huge then the project is beneficial for AECOM and vice versa. For this purpose, the basic principles of COBA are required to understand which are as follows: Appraisal of a project For conducting cost-benefit analysis for any project, its evaluation is must. COBA is an economic technique for project appraisal. Incorporates externalities into the equation This characteristic of COBA invites for the social as well as private economic costs and benefits of the projects. It also measures the social welfare of the investment. Value of Time Time is very important factor while undertaking COBA analysis. The economy of time is considered in the future of the project. Uses of COBA : COBA is traditionally being used only for big public sector projects such as water, dams, railways, bridges, by-passers, new motorways, tunnels, power-stations, flood relief schemes, etc. But, now the scenario has changed and COBA has been applied to small projects, to public health programs, in reduction of long-term unemployment, to understand the cost or benefits in new business deals, etc. The main aim of conducting COBA is whether the project leads to an increase in social benefits in future or not. If the answer is Yes then the result of COBA is positive and vice versa. Main steps in calculating COBA Approach: Step1 (a): Calculation of social costs and benefits: In this step, the social costs and benefits include all the direct and indirect costs, expenditures, profits, and gains. It involves all the significant costs. Step1 (b): Sensitivity analysis of events occurring: In this step it is to be marked that how much is the profit and cost involved in particular transaction and what is the outcome of it? If it will occur what is the scale of uncertainty about the actual values of the costs and benefits? Step 2: Discounting the future value of benefits: The next step involved in COBA is discounting of future benefits. Since the benefits are enjoyed in present, the future value of it is discounted over a period of time. Step 3: Comparing the costs and benefits: This step helps to understand the net returns on investment. Step 4: Comparing net rate of returns: Under this step, the returns from different projects are collected and accordingly the best out of it is selected. The COBA decides about ranking to the projects on the basis of its highest expected net returns in social welfare. As per these characteristics, uses, and steps of COBA, the AECOMs brand repositioning in the context of digital marketing through Yahoo! Answers represents that the cost involved for digital marketing may be high but the expected returns is definitely more than its cost. In this project, the major cost involved is only for digital marketing, the returns are in variety of forms such as high returns and profits to AECOM, huge publicity which creates awareness about AECOM brand in the mind of diverse consumers, people come to know about the existence of AECOM and its wide-ranging services in all the possible sectors through its expert employees. Also, the time involved in digital marketing is less compared to traditional form of marketing. So, from all the view points, one point is very clear that the benefits involved in this project are expected to be very high compared to its cost. So, the results of cost-benefit analysis are positive. Based upon recommendations, an outline of project plan to effectively implement proposals with a risk management program The recommendation to AECOM in its brand repositioning of short term marketing project through digital marketing, where AECOM has considered Yahoo! Answers as strategic tool for digital marketing should be replaced by social media networking which is also a digital marketing tool. In social media marketing, AECOM can either go with Face book or can create companys own blog for publicity and advertising of its brand repositioning. The revised outline project plan for AECOM for implementing proposal of digital marketing successfully in its brand repositioning inclusive of risk management program is as follows: Objective: The objective of AECOM is successful brand repositioning for a short term marketing project through digital marketing. Vision: The vision of AECOM is to become pioneer in the delivery of financial and management services in the entire world. To attain the leadership position in the entire human resource industry also has to be the vision of AECOM. Strategic management: To achieve above objectives AECOM must utilize the complete structured approach to undertake strategic management. Nike must undertake the brand repositioning strategy of New Logo and Tagline in the context of digital marketing through social media networking of Face book or companys blogs. Digital marketing through Face book AECOM has decided the promo and publicity of its brand repositioning strategy of New Logo and Tagline through Yahoo! Answers which is very expensive compared to other social media networking websites such as Twitter, Linked in, and Face book. Maximum are the people using these social networking websites and if AECOM refers one of these websites for its promo then the outcome will be greater compared to Yahoo! Answers. Around 400 million users are using the Face book networking. The companies using social networking website for business purpose and their market share for twitter is 41%, Linked in is also 41% but for Face book it is 44% which is highest compared to others. Digital marketing through Companys blog Other than the use of Face book, company can create its own blobs and can post the questionnaire for promo and publicity purpose on AECOMs blog only. The interested consumers can get information about AECOMs activities from its blog and also if any queries can be posted directly to the blog of AECOM. The companies using own blogs for digital marketing purpose is very high with its market share 46% higher than Face book, too. Since, company has its own blog, the cost of hiring any digital marketing media also reduces. But, the limitation to this strategy is company cannot attract new consumers who are not aware of AECOM and its brand repositioning. Risk Management Program AECOMs brand repositioning marketing project through digital marketing has the risk of system failure and not meeting the business need. In such a situation, AECOM is required to design a risk management program. The risk management program for AECOM in case of system failure is recovery, back up, and disaster recovery procedures. In case of risk of not meeting business need involved then AECOM should ensure about the representatives and resources involved for good participation and collaboration from all concerned areas of business. Implementation AECOM can implement its plan of digital marketing through social media networking instead of Yahoo! Answers. By implementing this plan, AECOM can reduce its high cost and as a result, the COBA will also give the higher returns compared to digital marketing with Yahoo! AECOMs brand repositioning through digital marketing via social media networking will lead to gain higher profits and AECOM will be in a position to attract maximum consumers through social media. This option will ensure to attain AECOMs objective of market leadership in human resource industry. Conclusion It is concluded that the best strategic option for AECOM is social media networking for digital marketing and amongst it, Face book is better than companys blog because Face book may offer AECOM maximum consumers to get availed of AECOMs excellent services. Recommend, with justification, appropriate methods of effectively monitoring and measuring progress throughout the project, to ensure that it is completed on time, within budget and to specification Now days the share of marketing through digital media has increased compared to traditional media of marketing. As a result, the demand for tools for measurement of growing selection of online marketing channels has increased. Garners maturity model for Web Analytics has provided the tool for measurement of web site analytics but it has not included the social media networking and other digital marketing media. This gap has been filled by the Webtrends Digital marketing Optimization Team by providing an appropriate method for measuring the progress throughout the digital marketing project. The Digital Marketing Maturity Model (DM3) has provided the framework for measurement of any digital media marketing project. DM3 is the best model for measurement of progress of any digital marketing project. The DM3 beta measures the progress through six core areas. They are the six pillars of digital media measurement. They are as follows; 1. Measurement Strategy The first core area in measurement progress is measurement strategy. A formal measurement strategy should be placed by organization and should make sure about aligning the overall objectives of organization. This assists in meeting all the digital marketing activities to the companys bottom line and the manifestation of digital measurement becomes possible. 2. Analytics Resources and Domain Expertise The success of digital marketing analytics program become possible because of analytics resources and domain expertise. The employees of organization make it possible through their dedication towards measurement and analysis, the resources at their disposal, their capability to troubleshoot issues, and response to requests throughout the organization. 3. Data Integration and Visualization Through data integration and visualization, the effective measurement of digital marketing becomes possible. For successful measurement, organizations required to integrate the multiple sources of data to gain a more complete picture of their consumers and business. Data integration is the core chain of values between the systems. It enables organizations to generate an absolute image of their marketing efforts. Data visualization helps in arrangement and release of digital marketing facts in meeting the requirements of various groups throughout an organization. 4. Data Analysis and Insight Data Analysis skills are very important in twisting the web-based data into perceptive or organizations wants to optimize their websites and compel elegant marketing and business verdicts. Nevertheless, diverse data entail special types of analysis skills. 5. Adoption and Governance The value of digital marketing data is minimal unless the rules of digital marketing are in place to ensure its consistency and quality over time and if it helps in getting the right people at the right time throughout an organization. The training to people according to their roles is necessary for those who want know how to utilize the data. The assistance from government for managing various types of aspects in context to digital marketing programs becomes possible inclusive of change management, security, and data consistency programs. 6. Ongoing Optimization Organizations placed the data measurement processes consistently over a period of time which are ensured by ongoing optimization. The optimization opportunities are recognized and diverse iterations of sites are tested by using digital marketing data. Prior to implementation, grown-up organization extents all digital marketing channels from web sites to paid research and also includes A/B testing of multiple marketing updates. Critical assessment of the main techniques for evaluating the success or failure of the marketing project on its completion The main techniques in evaluation of success or failure of the marketing project on its completion are Critical Path Analysis (CPA) and PERT Charts. These both techniques are very powerful tools to schedule and manage the complex projects. Both the techniques were developed in 1950s and till now they are used successfully. Lets discuss these techniques in details. Critical Path Analysis (CPA) This technique helps to plan all the tasks which require to be completed as a part of project. CPA acts as a basis for beginning of program, and of resource planning. CPA helps in observing the achievement of project objectives. CPA also helps to keep a track whether any corrective action requires to be taken to get a project back on course. The benefit of using CPA within the planning process is to get assistance in developing and testing the plan to ensure whether it is vigorous or not. CPA takes care of tasks for timely completion of project. CPA also takes care which task to be delayed if at all resource requires to be modified to catch the missed tasks. CPA also helps in identification of minimum length of time for completion of project. The major drawback of CPA is, the management of tasks with time in relation to the project plans is not that easy and obvious like that with Gantt Charts. As a result the difficulty in understanding increases. The effective CPA makes the differences between the success and failure on composite projects. CPA is very useful technique for assessing the importance of problems faced during the implementation period. PERT Charts (Program Evaluation and Review Techniques) PERT is a deviation on CPA which takes a somewhat more cynical outlook of time approximations made for each project stage. To make use of PERT charts, the shortest possible time is required to estimate for each activity and also the most likely length of time is also required. Appendix Appendix A: Introduction of organization History and Background The founders of AECOM are Richard G. Newman and few employees of Ashland Inc. and about 20 years ago on 6th April, 1990; they established AECOM with the merger of five Ashland enterprises. In 2007, around 30 companies joined AECOM and it became public limited company on the New York Stock Exchange. AECOM is listed in a fortune 500 company currently ranking # 352 and provides the services of architecture, building engineering, design and planning, economics, program management, and transportation in all over the world having approximately 46000 expert employees in more than 100 countries. The revenues of AECOM are flowing in billions of dollars with $6.3 billion at the year ended 30th June, 2010. But, in 2009, AECOM introduced a new brand repositioning with the context of digital marketing. The employees of AECOM are so talented and skilled that their excellence and originality has come from the affluent history of some of the worlds premium engineering, environmental, planning, and design companies. The vision of the AECOM to make a world better place by providing services through excellent employees in the areas of transportation, energy, and water systems by developing environment properly and by creating new buildings and communities. AECOM is well-known for its professional service providing facility all over the world. AECOM has taken over many mergers and acquisitions with some of the greatest companies such as Tishman Construction, INOCSA Ingenieria, and Ellerbe Becket. The excellent expertise brought together from these companies to serve more clients in a better way. AECOM wanted to tell the truth to its clients that AECOM is the number one design firm by Engineering News-Record (ENR) magazine, a McGraw-Hill Publication and with brand repositioning in the context to digital marketing; it will establish its brand in such a way to become a market leader. Consumer Base of AECOM AECOM has consumers all over the world. Majorly, the consumers are in the America, Europe, Asia, Middle East, Africa, Australia and New Zealand. AECOM is specialized in providing the expert financial and management services to its consumers. AECOM has maintained a record in retaining the industrys most talented professionals for the ease of its consumers. Apart from these, AECOM has won various excellence awards during such a small tenure of 20 years. In 2009 itself, AECOM has won the awards like best large project, best small project, best technical innovation, best win, and so on. Not only excellence awards, AECOM has achieved CEO awards, too. This proves that AECOM is a huge enterprise with a vast consumer base of it. AECOMs position in the market AECOM stands on number one position all over the world in the services of designing among top 500 companies. It is the number one designing firm all over the world. AECOM is on top position in all the services such as pure designing, transportation, mass transit and mail, general building, government and commercial offices, and education. Only in green designs, it stands on 4th position as per ENR magazine. Range of products and services AECOM provides services in the streams of architecture, building engineering, design and planning, economics, energy, environment, government, program management, transportation, and water. In the field of architecture, AECOM provides services of interior designing, master planning plus urban designing, and renovation. In building engineering, AECOM builds the commercial and educational buildings, data centers, government, healthcare, and pharmaceutical buildings. AECOM conducts designing and planning for landscape architecture, environmental plus ecological planning, master planning plus urban designing, and strategies. In the stream of economics, AECOM facilitates services for capital planning, economic planning plus real estate, entertainment plus leisure, hotels and resorts. AECOM facilitates energy efficiency and carbon management, energy for hydropower and dams, thermal, geothermal and nuclear. AECOM also takes care of environment by providing services of air quality, environme nt health and safety management, waste services, water and natural resources, and so on. AECOM helps to government in all over the world by providing necessary services in the development and infrastructure of particular country and same alike many more services. In the field of program management, AECOM provides services of knowledge transfer, training, risk management, and web-based program management systems. AECOM takes care of

E-commerce and Interactive Communications Methods :: E-Commerce Design Essays

E-commerce and Interactive Communications Methods E-commerce E-commerce means carrying out of trade and commerce (including shopping) via electronic means. E-commerce can be sub-divided into business-to-business, business-to-consumer, and consumer-to-consumer transactions. E-commerce is sometimes known as e-tail, e-trade or e-business. There are a number of different uses of e-commerce. E-commerce can be used for marketing of goods and services; retail of goods and services; customer service and supply chain management (also known as E-procurement). Advantages of e-commerce: * The ability to reach a wider market * The ability to find information on competitors and to compete with larger businesses on an equal basis * Lower operating costs * The ability to buy as well as sell goods on the internet * Being faster than traditional retailing * Cost savings on marketing and promotion, e.g. producing fewer brochures * Offering more choice than traditional retailing * Establishing better customer and supplier relationships Disadvantages of e-commerce: * Staff- technical staff are an expensive resource * Building a customer base is expensive * Distribution- it is difficult when delivering orders to customers within a reasonable time period * Quality- online products should be equal in standard to the offline products * Expensive to set up e-commerce systems * Risk of fraud Interactive Communications Methods Interactive media is defined as the following: ‘A new telecommunication system designed to permit two-way communications between televisions or computers in one location with software stored on a central computer. Can also allow individuals in distant locations to communicate, teach, or learn from one another’. Examples of interactive communications methods include CD-ROMs; letters, memos and e-mails; the intranet; one-to-ones; meetings; phone calls and videoconferencing calls. Advantages of interactive communication: * The opportunities it provides for feedback * The greater degree of confidence it provides that the message has been understood * The recipient can to some extent control the pace of the communication * The message can be tailored to better meet the recipient’s needs The Internet is the primary interactive media for advertising. It has recently affected many areas of promotion, with interactive advertising, creative sponsorship, sales promotion, public relations, database marketing and prestige value of having a website. There are a number of other Internet resources which can be used to promote a website. Some of these are mentioned below: * Discussion lists- are a method for individuals to network with others on a particular topic * Webcasting- this is when subscribers list topics of interest and new information is sent directly to their to their computer screen

Addicted to Food? Essay

Obesity and overeating are growing problems in America today. In this article by Oliver Grimm, he cited studies that speculate that in 2000 112,000 deaths were caused by obesity. There is also evidence that up to 1/3 of the US population may be considered overweight or obese. These numbers are startling and the root of this problem is under intense debate and scientific inquiry.   This search by scientist has led to many discoveries and theories behind why some people are unable to control their eating habits or their weight. One question that this article attempts to address is â€Å"Is overeating and addiction to food similar to drug addiction and what role does body chemistry play?†. Hormones are the regulators of the human body. There is much current research being aimed at these chemicals within the body and especially how they affect brain chemistry and maybe even addictive behaviors. Dopamine is one hormone that has been examined in both drug addicts and obese individual. Dopamine produces a reward sensation in the brain when we get something we want or when we are surprised. There is some research that says that drug addicts and obese individuals tend to have fewer dopamine receptors in the brain. This may cause them to have the urge to continue consuming food or drugs beyond a normal need. With fewer receptors, the brain may continue to look for ways to sate itself. Research the author cited pointed to rats that were denied dopamine soon would not eat anything. Another chemical that may prove to be important in fighting the obesity epidemic and drug addiction is leptin. This hormone has been shown to curb hunger when it is released from adipose (fat) cells where it eventually reached the hypothalamus. Lab animals deprived of this chemical soon became obese. This hormone may provide a vital link in helping severely obese people control their eating. If individuals have a faulty feedback mechanism or a lack of production of leptin, this may cause them to want to eat more. Other areas to be explored are how certain parts of the brain react to addiction, satiety and pleasure. Areas of the brain that have been researched that Mr. Grimm examines are the amygdala and the orbitofrontalis(OFC).   The amygdale seems to have some involvement in our response to food or drugs when we are hungry for them. It does not seem to be activated as much when we have taken in food or drugs. The OFC is generally thought of as an area of the brain that helps us to maintain rational behavior and use good judgment. This area may be operating differently in addicts. The author says that diet, exercise and lifestyle are the best ways to live healthy and control weight. His view; however, is that all research cited shows. â€Å"the brain processes stimuli related to eating in much the same way that it does to other addictive stimuli†(Grimm, 2007).   For us to have a better understanding of why certain people find it so hard to control their weight we may have to look more at addictive behaviors and the research that has been conducted. â€Å"For all their differences, drug addiction and obesity seem to be two sides of the same coin.† (Grimm, 2007) 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are you being asked to believe in this article? In Mr. Grimm’s article we asked to believe that 9.1% of medical expenditures if for overweight and obese patients. We are also asked to believe that one-third of the US population may be overweight or obese according to studies. Overweight is defined a having a body mass index greater than 25. Simply put, body mass index is your weight divided by your height. We are asked to believe that obesity and being overweight are at epidemic proportions in this country. We are also being asked to believe that much of a person’s behavior when it comes to addiction and food consumption in obese individuals may be directly related to the person’s brain chemistry or factors affecting it. While the author agrees that there are many factors in a healthy lifestyle and behavior control, much of the article deals with research that says that hormones, brain function and chemical activity are huge contributors in how a person reacts to stimuli. Leptin and dopamine are seen as avenues that may lead to breakthroughs in the area of obesity. Areas of the brain such as the amygdala and the OFC are seen as possible areas that may lead to a better understanding of cravings and addictions. I believe that the main idea that the author is trying to convey is that drug addiction and food consumption are very closely related. We are asked to consider that a person who is obese may be in a similar predicament as a drug addict. The article says that drugs that help drug addicts may also help us to treat severe obesity. Again we are asked to parallel the two dilemmas and weigh their relevance to one another. It is hard for people to associate obesity with drug addiction, but Mr. Grimm would like us think otherwise and keep an open mind to the possibility of research in drug addiction that could lead to breakthroughs in obesity and weight management.

Case Blanchard Essay

In the course of Operations Management was given to us a Harvard Business case study, â€Å"Blanchard Importing and Distributing Co. , Inc†. The company is a liquor distributer and bottler which, is struggling with inventory management problems. The aim of our work is to help the trainee, Hank Hatch, analyzing the company’s scheduling system and present recommendations with the purpose of solving problems intrinsically related with Inventory management. Firstly, we are going to calculate the EOQ and ROP quantities based on 1971’s demand, then we compare this values with the ones obtained upon the implementation of the Scheduling system, in 1969, as well as with the scheduling system invented by Bob and Elliot . We are also going to approach the differences between the formal and the informal systems, choosing the best one for the company and finally present our recommendations which are aimed to solve the detected problems. Economic Order Quantity Model Operations Managers regularly face with decisions of â€Å"How much† or â€Å"How many† of something to produce or buy in order to satisfy the internal and external requests for a certain item. The majority of those decisions do not always take into account the cost consequences that would occur. The Economic Order Quantity Model, and also so-called â€Å"EOQ Formula†, is often very helpful in guiding managers about the order quantity decision regarding consequences. The EOQ Model was developed by Ford W. Harris in 1913 and it corresponds to the level of inventory that minimizes the total holding costs and ordering costs of the inventory. Graphic In other words, the Economic Order Quantity is known as the cost-minimizing order-quantity which takes in consideration the existing tradeoff between ordering cost and storage cost. Basic assumptions of this Model: Replenishment occurs instantaneously; Demand is constant and not stochastic; There is a fixed setup cost K independent of the order quantity; Only one product is involved; Leadtime is zero, does not vary; There are no quantity discounts. Leadtime According to EOQ Model, the leadtime is zero. The leadtime is the time interval between placing the order and receiving the corresponding order quantity which means that delivery or manufacturing is instantaneous, the replenishment occurs instantaneously. Although this assumption is obviously unrealistic, it removes the question â€Å"When to order? † by answering to order â€Å"Q† units each time inventory falls to zero. Costs The EOQ Model presents three types of costs: Cost of the units themselves; Cost of holding units in inventory; Fixed order cost or manufacturing setup cost. The unit cost is the cost of the units themselves, denotes C, and is assumed to be fixed regardless the number of units ordered or manufactured. The holding cost or carrying costs, denotes h, represents the management’s cost of capital, the time value of money invested in units; includes the costs for storage facilities, handling, insurance, pilferage, breakage, obsolescence, depreciation, taxes, and the opportunity cost of capital. The setup cost, denotes S, represents all the costs associated with placing an order without consider the cost of the units themselves, for instance, any administrative cost of placing and/or receiving an order. Reorder Point The reorder point (ROP) also called reorder level, reorder quantity or replenishment order quantity is the inventory level of an item which signals the need for placement of a replenishment order. So, the ROP occurs when the level of inventory drops down to zero. To compute ROP is necessary to perceive the minimum level of inventory that is held as a protection against shortages, safety stock. Reorder Point = Normal consumption during leadtime + Safety Stock Determinants of the reorder point: Rate of demand; Leadtime; Extent of demand and/or leadtime variability; Degree of stockout risk acceptable to management. Case Analysis 1. Recalculating EOQ and ROP Recalculating EOQ: We have to take into consideration the new information about demand and the relevant costs. The relevant costs are: setup costs, holding costs and Unit Costs. For the Demand we use the total demand of 1971 (exhibit 5). Setup Cost: To calculate the setup costs, we had only taken into account the ones which varied with the number of setups, as we can observe, the only one with this characteristics is the label changeover cost. The time needed to reset machinery to a different kind of label is 30 minutes, during that time all the five part-time workers remain idle. Hence incurring in a cost equal to the salary earned by this five workers in the half an hour stop. Holding Cost: We use the 22. 5% value said on the guidelines of the case. Unit Cost: For the unit cost, we should only consider the expenses that Blanchard supports when producing. Thus, for the calculation we will sum the Materials cost, the bottling labor, the variable overhead, the customs duty and the federal rectification tax. Our selection was based on two assumptions: variable costs and the costs paid before the sales.

Billabong Essays

Billabong Essays Billabong Essay Billabong Essay Billabong BY pooja275 Answer 3 AUDIT FIRM As per the Judicial obligation, Billabong International Limited appointed Pricewaterhouse Coopers as their audit firm. PWC is a London based multinational company known for its Professional Services. As an audit firm for Billabong, Pricewaterhouse reviews the companys accounting statements and determines the companys financial position. The lead auditor for Billabong is Steven BosilJevac. Steven BosilJevac is a partner at Pricewaterhouse Coopers. (Billabong Financial Report, 2013: 43) Answer 8 DEPRECIATION Land and building are shown at cost. Consecutive prices are encompassed in the assets carrying number or recognised as a distinct asset, as appropriate, merely after it is probable that upcoming commercial benefits associated alongside the item will flow to the group and the price of the item can be measured reliably. All repairs and maintenance are charged to the income statement across the commercial era in that they are incurred. Accumulated depreciation Buildings 20-40 years Owned and leased plant and equipment 3-20 years Furniture, fittings and equipment 3-20 years Land has not been depreciated. Building, plant and equipment and furniture, fittings and equipment have been depreciated using the straight-line method. This method has been used to allocate the assets cost net of their residual values and over the period of their estimated useful lives. Total depreciation as of June 2013 stands at $34,866. Depreciation on building is $1,520, on plant and equipment is $31,919 and Plant and equipment under finance lease is $ 1,427. (Billabong Financial Report, 2013) Answer 9 Long-Term Liabilities Total long-term liabilities for Billabong International Limited amount to $239,250. This onsists of borrowings, deferred tax liabilities, provisions and other non-current liabilities. Borrowings account for the largest portion of the long-term liabilities. The total amount under borrowings sums up to $205,942. Other non- current liabilities liabilities have decreased from the financial year 2012 to the year 2013. (Billabong Financial Report, 2013) Answer 12 Current Ratio Current ratio is mainly concerned with a firms current assets and current liabilities. Current assets are those assets in a firms balance sheet that can be easily converted into cash within a short time frame. Eg. Accounts receivable. Current liabilities are those liabilities that are to be cleared within the time span of a year. Eg. Accounts payable. Current Ratio determines whether a firm has the ability to pay off its current liabilities. A ratio of 1:1 shows that current liabilities can be paid off using all of the current assets of the firm. A ratio higher than 1:1 shows that liabilities can be paid off without using all of the Current Assets. Whereas, a ratio less than 1:1 implies that the current assets of the firm are not enough to clear current liabilities. Current Ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities Billabongs Current Ratio : Current Asset/ Current Liabilities = 289,853/ 258,609 = 1. 12 : 1 Billabong International Limited has a current ratio of 1. 12 : 1. This indicates that Billabong will be able to clear its current liabilities using the current assets. However, this ratio also indicates that after clearing the current liabilities, Billabong will not be left with an adulatory amount of current assets. Reference list : Billabong Financial Report, 2013 : billabongbiz. com/phoenix. zhtml? c=1 reportsannual Farmdocdaily, Current Ratio : http://farmdocdaily. illinois. edu/2012/08/farm-liquidityyour-current. html

Godzilla vs Mechagodzilla essays

Godzilla vs Mechagodzilla essays Cinematic scholars have argued for decades over which is this biggest, meanest, and coolest monster of all time. Given the choice of Godzilla or Mechagodzilla: most people would choose the radioactive lizard over the space robot, because Godzilla won against Mechagodzilla. What these people fail to realize is that Godzilla had an unfair advantage in that battle. Both titans fought with all their power and when they reached a stalemate, Godzilla enlisted the help of King Seeser the 120 meter dog-like monster. While Godzilla held Mechagodzilla down, King Seeser beat the robot into submission. I have spent a long time deliberating over who would win in a fair fight. Although they seem to be an equal match, both monsters have very different attributes. Both monsters have a hit and run style of fighting. Godzilla is able to move undetected in the water. This leaves him the option of taking his opponent by surprise or making a quick retreat when necessary. Godzilla may have his tricks, but in the area of maneuvering, I give kudos to Mechagodzilla for one reason. Mechagodzilla can fly. Flight enables him to attack or retreat at great speed, as well as making him a hard target. Godzillas clumsy lizard demeanor is no match for Mechagodzillas jet-like speed. Defensive strength is another important factor in a battle of galactic proportions. Godzilla and Mechagodzilla can both take a hit. Godzilla has very thick and tough skin. Even if something were to pierce his armor-like scales, he has the unique ability to regenerate. If you hit Godzilla, he sucks it in and keeps fighting. Mechagodzilla was designed by aliens using space age metals and is virtually indestructible. Robots dont know the meaning of the word pain. If you hit Mechagodzilla, he feels nothing and keeps fighting. Unfortunately, Mechagodzilla cannot regenerate, which leaves Godzilla with the defensive edge. ...

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Study Example The investigations carried out on her husband’s semen did in fact reveal no anomalies. The patient has been offered some antibiotics to improve on her situation prior to a myomectomy being carried out. The couple have been advised to consent to a hysterectomy to solve the problem but have declined since they will be requiring their own children in future. The lady has been found to have a permanent condition on her uterus which can cause relentless bleeding and pain. This condition could also be easily responsible for the lady’s infertility problem. The patient could not be informed of the above conditions since she was under anesthesia. Her husband however consented to the operation despite his spouses disapproval. The consent given by the woman’s husband tends to contravene the ethics of medicine regarding the issues of justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence and autonomy of a patient undergoing such a procedure. The doctor has also been unethical by infringing on his patient’s autonomy and beneficence by disclosing her condition to her spouse without consent . He is however justified in disclosing the condition since the condition may affect their marriage and future. Both the doctor and the husband may also infringe on the principle of non-maleficence since the operation could do more harm than good to the woman despite her not consenting to the procedure. This could end up bringing injustices to the woman and her future in their marriage. Finally, the doctor contravenes the principle of beneficence which suggests that he should act in the best interests of his patient. The doctor will be infringing on his patients right of deciding whether or not she should undergo the operation . A nurse at the hospital has raised concerns regarding the consent given by the husband allowing the doctor to proceed on the operation on his wife. The nurse objects to the operation

What roles do religions play in Appiahs analysis Essay

What roles do religions play in Appiahs analysis - Essay Example Known to be one of the oldest institutions in the world, the Catholic Church is rich with traditions and beliefs seen through the eyes of devotees. The Catholic Church requires parishioners to attend mass every Sunday and holy days of obligations, such as Christmas, Easter, and Ash Wednesday, among others. We observe a Lenten season which depicts the sacred passion of Jesus Christ. This is a one week celebration of the passion and death of Jesus which culminates on the Good Friday and his resurrection on Easter Sunday.Another important event is during Advent (the coming of Jesus Christ) which is during Christmas season, depicting the birth of Jesus. This is a happy event which is being anticipated mostly by children. Church services include novena masses at dawn for nine consecutive days ending on December 24. Then, at midnight, Catholic devotees celebrate the midnight mass commemorating the birth of Jesus. All family members gather together after the mass to share a midnight meal an d open gifts given by family members.Devotees of the Catholic religion are also encouraged to confess their sins at least once a year, receive the Eucharist during Holy Communion at least once during Easter season, observe the prescribed days of fasting and of abstinence as established by the Church, and also help provide for the Church's needs. It is my contention that religion is a personal expression of one’s values and beliefs as has been accepted to be part of one’s identity and way of life.

Medical Article review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Medical Article review - Essay Example cs and different types of benign tumours exhibit numerous morphological features that mislead and confuse pathologists who are making efforts by identifying the invasive endocervical adenocarcinoma. The authors of this article seek to present a detailed analysis of how to distinguish the endocervical adenocarcinoma from the malignant mimics and benign tumours. Being able to differentiate the cancerous adenocarcinoma in situ from the benign tumours is a critical move towards positive diagnosis of the different types of cervical cancer that women suffer. The authors define adenocarcinoma in situ in the first section of the article. This is denoted as a pre-cursor of the invasive cervical adenocarcinoma. According to the authors, there is evidence linking adenocarcinoma in situ and the human papilloma virus (HPV), specifically the HPV type 18. Usually, many patients diagnosed with adenocarcinoma in situ present no visible symptoms and the lesions are only detectable after a specific tes ting and evaluation. In some cases, though, virginal bleeding may serve as a symptom of the presence of the cancerous lesions (Loureiro & Oliva, 2014). The article describes the architectural and cytologic features used in the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in situ. Usually, adenocarcinoma exhibits partial or complete involvement of glands in the endocervix. Moreover, adenocarcinoma may exhibit the preservation of normal glandular architecture and may often change to look like normal endocervical epithelium. On the other hand, cytologic features considered during diagnosis include the presence of musin in the cytoplasm as well as the level of stratification, crowding, enlargement or the presence of hyperchromatic nuclei. Other cytologic features that identify adenocarcinoma in situ include frequent mitoses and either small or inconspicuous nucleoli. Sometimes, multiple nuclei, which are smaller, may be present. In a bid to enlighten the reader further, the article discusses where

Employer Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Employer Policies - Essay Example Based on ethical basis, an employer should provide retirement plans for the employees. An example is the 401 (k) plan or the IRA plan that is most suitable for small businesses (Steingold, 2015, p. 118). An employer, however, should not promise an employee a specific income level after retirement. Instead, an employee earns his or her contribution to the plan. Based on good managerial skills, an employer should consider all the administrative requirements. That complies with the ERISA that requires employers to have plan administrators. Participating employees must have a copy of the summary plan description, summary annual report and survivor coverage data. An employer must not fail to file Form 5500 with the IRS, annually (Steingold, 2015, p. 122). A key employer policy in the field of technology management is the Affordable Health Care Act. The Act has diverse legal, ethical and managerial dimensions. It is beneficial to women through because it provides insurance options for women covering preventive services at affordable costs. It is suitable for young adults through its coverage provided to them up to when they are 26 years of age. There are several benefits from the various annual wellness visits provided under the Act. In addition, there are preventive services offered for seniors who have Medicare. Front-line supervisor or manager benefits from provisions of the Act that places accountability to insurance companies for any increase in premium by

The Carbon, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen Cycles and the Human Impact on Essay

The Carbon, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen Cycles and the Human Impact on These Cycles - Essay Example Carbon cycle is typically carried out whenever a hydrocarbon fuel or petroleum uses oxygen for combustion to run an engine of a vehicle or a facotry equipment. Like respiration, during combustion the carbon and hydrogen content of fuel are burned to yield water and carbon dioxide as products given off to the atmosphere. These products as well as the energy released by the exothermic reaction are then absorbed by the plants so the latter manages to produce its own food as photosynthesis takes place with the help other nutrients besides the sustenance provided by carbon dioxide. These plants consequently emit oxygen back into the atmosphere and possess carbohydrates, formed out of using carbon dioxide and water, with its stored energy to be used by the living organism once again. When weathering occurs, phosphate cycle begins when the inorganic materials containing phosphorus and phosphate ions in certain ocean salts or rock sediments are transported to land. Plants eventually take them in and are transferred to herbivores upon consumption and these herbivores may be eaten further by carnivorous animals so that the latter are also imparted a share of phosphorus or phosphates. At the point of death, they are brought back to soil by the decomposers that feed on decaying bodies with phosphorus and these materials may return to the ocean or be reconstituted into the rocks by means of run-off water.

Overview of Marketing and Information Systems II Research Paper

Overview of Marketing and Information Systems II - Research Paper Example hnique and the procedure that are used for gathering, designing, analyzing and presenting the information that can be used in making the decision of marketing (Wrenn & Et. Al., 2006). Consumers are not only the purchaser of economic goods but they are the main fulcrum of business who adopts potential of free services, philosophies or ideas. Consumer behavior is basically a decision making process that the individuals engage themselves in when making a decision with regards to acquiring, evaluating, using or disposal of the goods after usage (Tyagi, 2004). The tutorial begins with the definition of marketing as well as the short history of marketing. The business buying behavior has been taught in the next section which tries to focus about the business market primarily and it comprises of the organizations that are basically into manufacturing, distribution of the product and services. It is because of the huge market which has been successful in drawing attention of thousands of companies. The tutorial proposes that the understanding of the business market is quite easier in comparison to the understanding of the consumer market. In case of consumer market, there is need to build a recognizable brand which is not very important in case of business market. But there are many cases which prove that business buying is more important than consumer buying. Therefore in this section called business buying behavior, the tutorial tries to focus more on the characteristics of business buying behavior. The tutorial also teaches what exactly s upply chain is. It teaches that supply chain is mostly involved in activities relating to creation of the product and delivery to the final consumers. The tutorial also emphasizes upon the ways to deal with the customers effectively and to understand the buying behavior of the customers and the methods employed by the companies to understand the decision process of the consumer. It also discusses the various factor that affect the

Employer Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Employer Policies - Essay Example Based on ethical basis, an employer should provide retirement plans for the employees. An example is the 401 (k) plan or the IRA plan that is most suitable for small businesses (Steingold, 2015, p. 118). An employer, however, should not promise an employee a specific income level after retirement. Instead, an employee earns his or her contribution to the plan. Based on good managerial skills, an employer should consider all the administrative requirements. That complies with the ERISA that requires employers to have plan administrators. Participating employees must have a copy of the summary plan description, summary annual report and survivor coverage data. An employer must not fail to file Form 5500 with the IRS, annually (Steingold, 2015, p. 122). A key employer policy in the field of technology management is the Affordable Health Care Act. The Act has diverse legal, ethical and managerial dimensions. It is beneficial to women through because it provides insurance options for women covering preventive services at affordable costs. It is suitable for young adults through its coverage provided to them up to when they are 26 years of age. There are several benefits from the various annual wellness visits provided under the Act. In addition, there are preventive services offered for seniors who have Medicare. Front-line supervisor or manager benefits from provisions of the Act that places accountability to insurance companies for any increase in premium by

Overview of Marketing and Information Systems II Research Paper

Overview of Marketing and Information Systems II - Research Paper Example hnique and the procedure that are used for gathering, designing, analyzing and presenting the information that can be used in making the decision of marketing (Wrenn & Et. Al., 2006). Consumers are not only the purchaser of economic goods but they are the main fulcrum of business who adopts potential of free services, philosophies or ideas. Consumer behavior is basically a decision making process that the individuals engage themselves in when making a decision with regards to acquiring, evaluating, using or disposal of the goods after usage (Tyagi, 2004). The tutorial begins with the definition of marketing as well as the short history of marketing. The business buying behavior has been taught in the next section which tries to focus about the business market primarily and it comprises of the organizations that are basically into manufacturing, distribution of the product and services. It is because of the huge market which has been successful in drawing attention of thousands of companies. The tutorial proposes that the understanding of the business market is quite easier in comparison to the understanding of the consumer market. In case of consumer market, there is need to build a recognizable brand which is not very important in case of business market. But there are many cases which prove that business buying is more important than consumer buying. Therefore in this section called business buying behavior, the tutorial tries to focus more on the characteristics of business buying behavior. The tutorial also teaches what exactly s upply chain is. It teaches that supply chain is mostly involved in activities relating to creation of the product and delivery to the final consumers. The tutorial also emphasizes upon the ways to deal with the customers effectively and to understand the buying behavior of the customers and the methods employed by the companies to understand the decision process of the consumer. It also discusses the various factor that affect the

Fahrenheit 451 Essay Example for Free

Fahrenheit 451 Essay In life some people change, and others do not. In the book Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, Guy Montag is a courageous, strong firefighter who constantly changes throughout the book. Reason how Montag is a dynamic character is when he kills Faber, when he starts to read Mildred’s friends the poem, and when he starts to take the books. Guy Montag is a dynamic character when he starts to take books. â€Å"His hand has done it all, his hand, with a brain of its own, with a conscience and a curiosity in each trembling finger, had turned thief. Now it plunged the book back under his arm, pressed it tight to sweating armpit, rushed out empty, with a magician’s flourish!† (41.) In the story, it is illegal to have books, because people who read will fill superior to others. At this point in the story, the firefighters are burning a house that has books in them. Montag becomes curious and takes a book. In the beginning, Guy Montag did not like books and enjoyed burning them. He is changed because he wants to read and know more about books. He became a more dynamic character by taking the book. Taking books is not the only other reason how Montag is different. In the book Montag recited a poem called Dover Beach to Mildred’s friends. â€Å"’ The Sea of Faith Was once, too, at the full, and round earth’s shore Lay like the folds of a bright girdle furled. But now I only hear Its melancholy, long, withdrawing roar, Retreating, to the breath Of the night-wind, down the vast edges drear And naked shingles of the world.’† (102.) At this point in the story Mildred, her friends, and Montag are in Mildred’s house. Montag is repeating Shakespeare. It is a poem about war. In the beginning of the book Montag did not want people to know he was reading books but now he does not care because he is reciting it to people. He changed from being secretive about reading to having others know even though it could get him in trouble. Lastly, Montag changed by becoming a killer. â€Å"Montag, you idiot, Montag, you damn fool; why did you really do it.† In the story right now, Montag just killed Beatty. Earlier in the story, Montag admired Beatty. He liked burning books at the end, now; he killed Beatty because he made him burn his books. He changed here from being a good firefighter to going against Beatty and the laws. Montag is a dynamic character. Montag changed, because he started to take books, he started to recite books, and he killed Beatty. If it were not for these changes, though, Montag would not be a leader. Changes in life can lead to new and better things in life.

Israeli-Palestinian conflict communication

Israeli-Palestinian conflict communication CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Definition of Communication Although communication is omnipresent, it appears nonetheless difficult to define. Different individuals define communication in different ways depending upon their interests. Ruben (1984) says that communication is any â€Å"information related behaviour† while Dale (1969) says it is the â€Å"sharing of ideas and feelings in a mood of mutuality.† Other definitions emphasise the significance of symbols, as in Berelson and Steiner (1964): â€Å"The transmission of information, ideas, emotions and skill by the use of symbols,† and Theodorson (1969): â€Å"the transmission of information, ideas, attitudes, or emotion from one person or group to another, primarily through symbols.† The Universal Law of Communication states that all living entities communicate. Through movement, sounds, reactions, gestures, language and among others (S. F, Scudder, 1900. In his research, Prof. Albert Mehrabian (UCLA, 1967) identified three major parts that convey meaning in human face to face communication: body language, voice tonality, and words. He determined how people make meaning when a speaker says one thing but means another. If the speaker is sending a mixed message the listener will rely on the following cues to determine true meaning. He found that 55% of impact is determined by body language-postures, gestures, and eye contact, 38% by the tone of voice, and 7% by the content or the words spoken. Although the exact percentage of influence may differ due to variables such as the perceptions or biases of the listener and the speaker, communication as a whole is meant to convey meaning and thus, in some cases, can be universal. Hence, communication can be classified into three types: Non-Verbal Communication which includes sending and receiving messages through gestures, body language, facial expression and eye contacts. Visual Communication is through using visual aids that can be read and look upon such as signs, typography, drawing, graphic design and illustration. Verbal or Oral Communication is anyinformation that is transferred from a sender to receiver usually by a verbal means but visual aid can support the process and it includes speeches, presentations and discussions. 2.1 Effective Communication Effective communication is very important for working successfully with other people, groups or countries. It enables us to maintain relationships and accomplish tasks with them. The effectiveness of any communication is judged by how closely the receivers understanding matches the senders intent. In the final analysis, the only message that matters is the one the other person receives (Dave Sharpe, 1991, Circular 1291). The two ways flow of communication is commonly addressed in interpersonal communication with two elaborations of Shannons model which is often labelled as the action model of communication; the interactive model and the trans-active model. (Weiner, 1948, 1986). This can be illustrated in the following diagram: The key concept associated with this elaboration is that destinations provide feedback on the messages they receive such that the information sources can adapt their messages, in real time. This is an important elaboration, and as generally depicted, a radically oversimplified one. Feedback is a message (or a set of messages). The source of feedback is an information source. The consumer of feedback is a destination. Feedback is transmitted, received, and potentially disrupted via noise sources. None of this is visible in the typical depiction of the interactive model. This doesnt diminish the importance of feedback or the usefulness of elaborating Shannons model to include it. People really do adapt their messages based on the feedback they receive. It is useful, however, to notice that the interactive model depicts feedback at a much higher level of abstraction than it does messages (Davis Foulger, 2004). This difference in the level of abstraction is addressed in the transactional model of communication. This can be shown in table 2 which depicts the Transactional Model of Communication: This model acknowledges neither creators nor consumers of messages, preferring to label the people associated with the model as communicators who both create and consume messages. The model presumes additional symmetries as well, with each participant creating messages that are received by the other communicator. This is, in many ways, an excellent model of the face-to-face interactive process which extends readily to any interactive medium that provides users with symmetrical interfaces for creation and consumption of messages. It is, however, a distinctly interpersonal model that implies equality between communicators that often doesnt exist, even in interpersonal contexts (Hopper, 1992). In case of the Israeli Palestinian conflict, the one that is more powerful may tend to lead the communication and thus, creating more barriers to communication to solve the conflicting issues. 2.2 Definition of Conflict Most conflicts result as a state of disagreement stemming from perceived values, beliefs, interests, goals and motives. It can be between individuals, groups or between two countries. Research carried out on peace and conflict assumes that conflicts are the expression of opposing interests, that they are characteristic for modern societies and that they are endemic in modern societies. â€Å"A conflict exists when two people wish to carry out acts which are mutually inconsistent. It is resolved when some mutually compatible set of actions is worked out. The definition of conflict can be extended from individuals to groups (such as states or nations), and more than two parties can be involved in the conflict. The principles remain the same.† (M. Nicholson 1992:11) 2.3 Defining the Israeli- Palestinian Conflict History created divisive issues between both Israelis and Palestinians. The land of Judea[1], was conquered by the Roman Empire and named Palestine and it was further conquered and inhabited by Arabs for a thousand years. Before Britain conquered Jerusalem and the surrounding area known to be Palestine, in November 1917, the â€Å"Balfour Declaration[2]† was issued. This declaration stated that Britain support the creation of a National Homeland of the Jewish People in Mandated Palestine without violating the rights of the existing Arab population. This eventually led to rioting and pogroms against Jews creating a history of enmity between Jews and Arabs. Following the World War II (1939-1945), in which more than six million Jews were killed by the Nazis, pressure increased for the creation of a Jewish State. The United Nations Special Commission on Palestine (UNSCOP) held that Palestine be partitioned into an Arab State and a Jewish State. In 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the partition plan (UN Resolution GA 181) and the modern state of Israel (Medinat Yisrael) was created and independence was declared on 14 May 1948 and David Ben Gurion become the first Prime Minister. The Arabs rejected the partitioned plan and refused to recognise Israel and wars broke out in 1948 known as ‘War of Independence and the Jews won decisively expanding their State territories. The conflict continued to deepen without any concrete solutions to the problems. In 1956, the second war broke out with Egypt (Sinai War) and in 1967 another war occurred (Six-day War) followed by ‘War of Attrition in 1968 making the conflict worse. In 1973, the Arabs Countries tried to invade and attack Israel (Yom Kippur War) but failed as Israel retaliated strategically to defend herself. There were many terror raids and Israeli reprisals. In 1982 and 2006 war broke out between Israel and Lebanon making hundreds of victims on both sides. Two â€Å"Intifadas†[3] in broke out in 1983 and 2000 and the violence continued to increased and thus reducing the prospect of peace. In December 2008 Israel launched an unprecedented attack on Gaza Strip (Cast Lead Operation) to stop the firing of short range missiles (rockets) leading to the Israeli Palestinian peace talk to collapse. Each side believes different versions of the same history and views the conflict as wholly the fault of the other (Ami Isseroff June 2009). 2.4 Rethinking the Two-State Solution (Maj. Gen. Giora Eiland, 2008) The Washington Institute for Near East Policy Though all conflicts have their own distinctive features, the Israeli Palestinian conflict is singular in various aspects. In the first place, it not a territorial dispute involving two parties but also a situation on which one nation is under occupation by another (Focus Policy 88, 2008). In the work ‘Rethinking the Two-State Solution the problem this conflict creates has implication beyond the specific interest of the disputing parties (Griora Eiland Al, 2008). However, it is believed that this conflict dilemma is at the root of the Middle East unrest link to the Iranian nuclear threat and other global challenges. There appears to be a clear international interest to resolve the conflict ranging from the ‘Oslo Accords[4] to the ‘Annapolis Conference[5] to support the general approach of the two-state solution. Yet, the ‘Oslo Accord created an illusion that the situation was changing and though after its collapse, it maybe possible to reach a political agreement. Many Israelis are concerned that pursuing such an agreement is a lose-lose situation as Palestinians will not meet their end of bargain (Yehuda Ben Meir and Dafna Shaked, 2007) The paradox for the moment between the conflicting parties is that they truly do not desire the conventional two state approach and the Arab World specially Jordan and Egypt are not supportive to it as the success is slim and the political risk is high for both leaders. Today, the conflict has surpassed the classical view and has become a conflict against the rise of extremist in the region (Tzipi Livni, 2008). However, the problems still remains regarding the settlement issues in the land that Palestinians claim for their future state, Jerusalem where both nationalists and religions are intertwined, security arrangements, the refugees status and their rights of returns and the smuggling of weapons by terrorist groups through their armed allies like Lebanese Hezbollah and the Iranian regime that calls for the destruction of Israel (Natasha Gill, 2008). 2.5 Intercultural or Cross- Cultural Communication, Dialogue and Perception Change Intercultural communication involves the investigation of culture and the difficulties of communicating across cultural boundaries. Intercultural communication occurs whenever a message produced in one culture must be processed in another culture (Samovar Porter, 1982). Since all aspects of communication are both, a response to and a function of our culture, socialisation in a culture determines what communicative behaviours are perceived as appropriate or desirable within a given context (Samovar Porter, 1982). In addition to the use of verbal messages, during face-to-face interaction a great deal of information about personality, beliefs, values, and social status are transmitted and interpreted, often subconsciously, through non-verbal channels (Birdwhistell,1970; Burgeon et al., 1989; Mehrabian, 1969, 1972). The meaning of both verbal and nonverbal messages is drawn upon past experiences, personal knowledge of language and word meaning, and the social context in which a communicative event occurs. In intercultural encounters, observed behaviours may be interpreted by applying cultural frameworks that are inappropriate to the context in which the communication takes place, thus resulting in misinterpretation and misunderstanding, and even in negative stereotyping (Brislin, Cushner, Cherrie Young, 1982).While stereotyping responds to a human tendency towards categorisation and simplification of highly complex realities, negative stereotypes and prejudice are definite obstacles to successful intercultural communication and mutual understanding. In order for these barriers to be lowered, learners need to develop awareness and understanding of their own, as well as of their interactants, cultural universe, including â€Å"beliefs, values, customs, habits or life styles† (Samovar Proter, 1982) At the International Association For Conflict Management Annual Convention held in Spain in 1999, two basic questions were raised which concerned the role of culture and particularly religious culture and the impact of dialogue and contact in improving the Israeli- Palestinian conflict (Dr Mollov Dr Laive,1999). In his seminal realist theory of international relations, Hans J. Morgenthau gave little importance to cultural discourse between nations but instead he laid emphasis on the clash of power and interest. Therefore, there is a need to reach stability by attaining viable balances of power and the exercise of responsible diplomacy (Morgenthau, 1969). Recent researchers have emphasised that the importance of the cultural variables can either help to move forward or backward understandings between nations (Cohen, 1990). Inter-civilisation conflict like the Israeli- Palestinian conflict has put forward that international stability can advance by nations by discovering and developing intercultural understanding and appreciation with each other (Huntington, 1996) and recent research in the field of political psychology showed the importance of culture and psychological perceptions in politics (Pye, 1997). The research carried out by the Interdisciplinary Department of Social Science of Bar Ilan University, Israel, concentrated on evaluating the impact of inter-group and inter-personal communication based on mutual perception change between Israelis and Palestinians. According to the Social Scientist Karl Deutsch, there is a need to investigate the foundations of community building between nations in the form of amalgamated or pluralistic security communities where there is need of interpersonal ties and the intensity of social communication in the creation and upholding of such communities (Deutsch, 1957). The work of peace building is much affected by perception change and the quality of interpersonal interactions. The investigation of the numerous aspects of inter-group communication emphasise the decisive elements and conditions for effective encounters including ‘equal status contacts that should also be intimate rather than casual encounters for building efforts of cooperation, relations and institutional (Amir, 1969). In a series of dialogue held between a group of Palestinian students and Israeli students which lasted for four years, from 1994 to 1999, focused on commonalities between Islam and Judaism and this led to a spin off cooperative efforts and increased cooperation and interactions between the two groups of students from both sides. There were reports of warm atmosphere during face to face meetings and this attributed that achievement to the discovery of commonalities in the others religious culture (Mollov and Barhoum, 1998). Approximately 90 students had participated in this initiative and at the end of it, there was positive development of family visitation and strong friendships that developed during the process and hence in wake of violent events both issued condemnation and condolences. 2.6 The Israeli- Egyptian conflict resolution as a reference Scholar Raymond Cohen has written about how miscommunication can occur when even elite specialists and diplomats must negotiate across cultural boundaries. One of his examples focuses on the Egyptian-Israeli conflict through the 1970s. He questions why, throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Israeli deterrence based on large-scale use of force against Egypt for terrorist attacks emanating out of Egypt against Israel, failed to actually deter attacks. A cultural analysis revealed deep differences between Israeli and Egyptian understandings relating to violence, vengeance, and vendetta. He concluded that Israels use of massive force violated Egyptian understandings about culturally â€Å"appropriate† vengeance and retribution. In particular, Israelis misunderstood Egyptian conventions of appropriate â€Å"proportionality† in these matters. The â€Å"cultural logic† of Israeli deterrence was that the more disproportionate the punishment the greater the compliance. But Egyptians understood matters differently. What they regarded as highly disproportionate vengeance on Israels part had the effect of shaming and humiliating them, leading to a serious loss of honor in a culture where honor is deeply valued. To erase the shame and regain the lost honor, Egypt supported further attacks against Israel. The effect Israelis hoped to achieve, Egyptian compliance in stopping cross-border attacks to avoid mounting reprisals , was not achieved. Israeli action produced the opposite effect, providing Egyptians with strong reasons to ensure their support of incursions into Israel. In this case cultural misunderstandings led to an intensification of the conflict, producing what is sometimes called a â€Å"conflict spiral.† Ultimately, this cost many lives on both sides (Kevin Avruch CROSS-CULTURAL CONFLICT, 2004). The former President of Egypt, Anwar Sadat, made an unprecedented gesture by visiting Israel though there were no ties between Israel and Egypt, to reinforce a positive cultural and perception and change to the negative cross cultural differences between the two nations. This led both countries to emerge out of the hatred and miscommunication and together, not only Israelis and Egyptians understood each others but also their Leaders Former Israeli Prime Minister, Shamir and Former Egyptian President Sadat signed peace agreements (Camp David Treaty) under the ageis of the United States in the 1970s. All these were possible because both sides made unprecedented moves to understand their cultural differences for peace in the region, eliminating their barriers of communication like language, religion, hatred, wrong communication channels, stereotyping and perception and also avoiding confrontation. The same happened with Jordan in 1994 leading to full diplomatic relationship with the sec ond Arab/Muslim country after Egypt and later followed by Azerbaijan. 2.7 The Palestinians Unilateral â€Å"Kosovo Strategy† Implications for the PA and Israel Dan Diker (Jan 2010) Article No. 575- Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs The Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas new precondition that the international community recognise the 1967 lines in the West Bank as the new Palestinian border bolsters the assessment that the Palestinians have largely abandoned a negotiated settlement and instead are actively pursuing a unilateral approach to statehood. Senior Palestinian officials note that Palestinian unilateralism is modelled after Kosovos February 2008 unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia. European and U.S. support for Kosovos unilateral declaration has led the Palestinian leadership to determine that geopolitical conditions are ripe to seek international endorsement of its unilateral statehood bid, despite the fact that leading international jurists have suggested that the cases of Kosovo and thePalestinian Authorityare historically and legally different. The Palestinians are legally bound to negotiate a bilateral solution with Israel. Unilateral Palestinian threats to declare statehoo d have been rebuffed thus far by the European powers and the United States. The Palestinian â€Å"Kosovo strategy† includes a campaign of delegitimisation of Israel, seeking to isolate Israel as a pariah state, while driving a wedge between Israel and the United States. The unilateral Palestinian bid for sovereignty will also likely turn the Palestinians into the leading petitioner against the State of Israel at the International Criminal Court (ICC). Although the Palestinian Authority is not a state and therefore should have no legal standing before the court, the petition it submitted to the court after theGazawar (Cast lead Operation) was not rejected by the ICC. Finally, a unilateral Palestinian quest for the 1947 lines may well continue even if the 1967 lines are endorsed by the United Nations. The Palestinian Liberation Organisations (PLO) 1988 declaration of independence was based on UN General Assembly Resolution 181, which recognises the 1947 partition plan for Palestine, not the 1967 lines, as the basis for the borders of Israel and an Arabstate. 2.8 Cooperation and Conflict in Negotiation Negotiation refers to a process in which conflicting parties work together to formulate an agreement over the disputes affecting them (Rubin Brown, 1975). The process of negotiation assumes that the disputing parties are willing to communicate and to generate offers, counter-offers, or both. Agreement occurs if and only if the offers made are accepted by both of the parties. Negotiation is comprised of several key components like the disputing parties interests, alternatives, process and the negotiated outcomes that are likely to come in the phases of negotiation during preparation, debating and proposing, bargaining and finalising legal aspects and follow-up (Neale Northcraft, 1991). In his research, Morton Deutsch concluded that most conflicts involve a mix of cooperative and competitive motives. His theory of cooperation and competition serves as a guideline to understand conflict processes and resolutions (Deutsch, 2000). Accordingly, a key element to understand this is to find out the goal interdependence between the conflicting parties. It may also be that the goals are negative leading to a win-lose situation. The disputing parties goals being positively interdependent will yield cooperative relationship for a win-win situation. Deutschs research suggests that constructive processes of conflict resolution are similar to cooperative processes of problem solving and the destructive processes of conflict resolution are similar to competitive processes. A friendly gesture tends to suggest cooperative responses and for competitive responses stir up suspicious and domineering attitudes (Deutsch, 2000). The theory of cooperation and competition implies one to understand conflict, the practice of conflict management, and conflict resolution. A cooperative orientation on the part of the disputing parties will tend to facilitate constructive resolution of the conflict. Deutsch highlights that social support is very important to create and maintain such cooperative orientation (Deutsch, 2000). Constructive resolution is more likely to take place when the conflicting parties would be able to reframe their understanding of their goal and conflict. This will help to adhere to norms, values, respect, honesty and seeking common grounds to find resolutions. Additionally, effective conflict management requires skills and knowledge to establish and maintain effective working relationships leading to problem solving and decision making (Deutsch, 2000) 2.9 Irish Pact Is Mixed Model for Middle-East Article: Newsday (1998, April 1) -Washington Near East Institute Author: Robert Satloff The Israelis and Palestinians have to learn a lot from the Northern Ireland peace accord that solved the conflict in 1998. Both had a common legacy of terrorism with thousands victims. The two conflicts are fundamentally different and the solutions reached are very different, too but the peace process between Israelis and Palestinians does have an important lesson for Northern Ireland: The tough part is implementing an agreement, not reaching it. The conflict has involved the threat of war and neighbouring countries fought five wars during the last 50 years and most Arabs insisted that settlement terms would require the dismantling of the Jewish state and sent most Israelis to their country of origin. The nature of the Arab-Israeli conflict has calmed over the past two decades, with Israels signing of peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan and this lead to reconciliation with the Palestinians in the Oslo accords. Since Ireland gained its independence, the idea of war between the Irish and the British has been unthinkable. In contrast, few Middle Easterners doubt that the moderation of most, which have come to terms with Israel, is only a function of the balance of power. If the Arabs were stronger, Israel weaker and America indifferent, the chorus of â€Å"throw the Jews into the sea† would almost surely be as popular in official Arab circles as, sadly, it is today. If one is able to convince the Israelis that Arab intentions have changed irrevocably, peace would be at hand. In the Palestinian-Israeli context, this would translate into an expansion of the current bilateral negotiation into a trilateral process that includes Jordan, which ruled the West Bank before Israel. Indeed, there is general recognition in the region that while there may be a bilateral contractual solution for the West Bank, there will, in the end, be a trilateral arrangement governing many of its political, economic and military aspects. â€Å"An equally important lesson is dont ever try to dictate terms of an agreement† (President Clinton, 1998). As history has shown, American engagement in diplomacy is necessary for its success, but not sufficient. The Israelis and Palestinians dont need a distinguished ex-senator such as George Mitchell to help them achieve their own solution; they already made their own deal, without direct U.S. assistance, at Oslo. Therefore, to further research on how the Israeli Palestinian conflict can be solved through effective communication, there is a need to adopt a new approach that of using effective communication. In this regards, there is a need to provide solutions to the exiting on-going problems that lead to peace agreements and where two people can live side by side in harmony, strategic cooperation and trust without being affected by extremist ideologies that would ruin the peace prospect. University of Technology, Mauritius The Ancient Kingdom of Judah of the Israelite A letter issued to Lord Rothschild by the Zionist Movement of Great Britain The uprising of the Palestinians against Israelis through waves of Violence Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles A conference held in 2007 to produce a substantive document on resolving theIsraeli-Palestinian conflictalong the lines of President George W. BushsRoadmap For Peace